{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T17:04:10Z","timestamp":1786122250996,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785974400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Indocyanine green (ICG) is a clinically approved near-infrared fluorescent dye used in medical imaging and diagnostics but has limitations owing to its poor photostability in aqueous environments. This paper has explored the role of human serum albumin (HSA) and cholesterol in protecting ICG photostability. Pure ICG, an HSA-ICG complex, and an ICG\u2013cholesterol colloidal assembly solution were stirred in the dark (control) and under continuous broadband irradiation (400\u20131600 nm, approximately 1.4 W), and absorption spectra (550\u2013950 nm) were taken every 1 min, over 15 min. All the formulations were stable in the dark, with minimal total variance in absorbance. Pure ICG significantly photodegraded under irradiation (55 \u00b1 2.75\u201365 \u00b1 3.25% loss of maximum absorbance). The introduction of HSA and cholesterol limited the photodegradation, resulting in 15 \u00b1 0.75\u201330 \u00b1 1.5% and 25 \u00b1 1.25% losses in maximum absorbance, respectively, upon irradiation. The modulators produced a significant increment in initial NIR absorbance (p &lt; 0.001) and retained significantly high stability during irradiation (p &lt; 0.01). Moreover, both modulators reduced photooxidative damage, as shown by the lower level of singlet oxygen (1O2) generation in the presence of HSA-ICG (35 \u00b1 1.75%) and ICG\u2013cholesterol (19 \u00b1 0.95%) compared to pure ICG (57 \u00b1 2.85% after 15 min). These results reveal that cholesterol is the best stabilizer of ICG photostability. By safely dissipating excitation energy via non-radiative decay, cholesterol demonstrates strong potential for enhancing ICG performance in photothermal therapy (PTT), whereas HSA remains the optimal modulator for near-infrared fluorescence imaging and photodynamic therapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31152738","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T15:52:30Z","timestamp":1786031550000},"page":"2738","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cholesterol and Albumin as Key Modulators of ICG Photostability in Aqueous Solution"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1201-3709","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wiktoria","family":"Mytych","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"English Division Science Club, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Rzesz\u00f3w, 35-310 Rzesz\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3337-2076","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad A.","family":"Saad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5557-5464","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dorota","family":"Bartusik-Aebisher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and General Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Rzesz\u00f3w, 35-310 Rzesz\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2661-6570","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Aebisher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Photomedicine and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Rzesz\u00f3w, 35-310 Rzesz\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9277-0875","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriela","family":"Henrykowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Tadeusza Kosciuszki 4, 90-419 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/S1011-1344(98)00216-4","article-title":"Photostability and thermal stability of indocyanine green","volume":"47","author":"Holzer","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. 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