{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T17:01:42Z","timestamp":1786122102180,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786060800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014413","name":"University of Information Technology and Management in Rzesz\u00f3w","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["503-07-01-38"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["503-07-01-38"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014413","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["503-07-01-38"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["503-07-01-38"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01t81sv44","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Matcha (Camellia sinensis) and yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) are polyphenol-rich plants of growing interest for cosmetic applications, yet the influence of green extraction solvents on their cosmeceutical potential remains underexplored. In this study, aqueous, 20% (v\/v) ethanol (EtOH) and 50% (v\/v) propylene glycol (PG) extracts of both raw materials were prepared by ultrasound-assisted extraction and compared in terms of total phenolic and flavonoid content, antioxidant activity (DPPH and ABTS), tyrosinase inhibition, in vitro sun protection factor (SPF) and cytotoxicity towards human BJ fibroblasts and A375 melanoma cells. Phytochemical profiles were characterized by HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS\/MS, and phytochemistry\u2013activity relationships were explored using hierarchical clustering, Czekanowski analysis and PCA-based regression modeling with leave-one-out cross-validation. Both botanical origin and extraction solvent markedly shaped the composition and biological activity of the extracts, and neither was universally optimal. The matcha 50% PG extract emerged as a promising ready-to-use extract for brightening- and photoprotection-oriented applications, combining strong tyrosinase inhibition with the highest in vitro SPF among the matcha preparations, whereas aqueous and ethanolic extracts showed stronger DPPH scavenging and the most favorable fibroblast safety. For yerba mate, the aqueous and ethanolic extracts were more cytotoxic towards A375 melanoma cells than the PG extract, suggesting a distinct application niche. Chemometric modeling linked biological responses to multivariate phytochemical patterns rather than single compounds, providing marker sets to guide green-solvent extract optimization and cosmetic formulation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31162742","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T08:01:36Z","timestamp":1786089696000},"page":"2742","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cosmeceutical Potential of Matcha (Camellia sinensis) and Yerba Mate (Ilex paraguariensis) Extracts Obtained with Green Solvents"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5773-1849","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Gawe\u0142-B\u0119ben","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cosmetology, University of Information Technology and Management in Rzesz\u00f3w, Sucharskiego 2, 35-225 Rzesz\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monika","family":"Szczepanik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cosmetology, University of Information Technology and Management in Rzesz\u00f3w, Sucharskiego 2, 35-225 Rzesz\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9817-5631","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pawe\u0142","family":"Szczeblewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biochemistry and BioTechMed Centre, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza Str. 11\/12, 80-233 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karolina","family":"Czech","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cosmetology, University of Information Technology and Management in Rzesz\u00f3w, Sucharskiego 2, 35-225 Rzesz\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7076-600X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wirginia","family":"Kukula-Koch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy with Medicinal Plants Garden, Medical University of Lublin, Chod\u017aki 1, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pourzand, C., Albieri-Borges, A., and Raczek, N.N. (2022). Shedding a New Light on Skin Aging, Iron- and Redox-Homeostasis and Emerging Natural Antioxidants. Antioxidants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11030471"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1454936","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/1454936","article-title":"Antioxidants from Plants Protect against Skin Photoaging","volume":"2018","author":"Petruk","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Budzianowska, A., Bana\u015b, K., Budzianowski, J., and Kikowska, M. (2025). Antioxidants to Defend Healthy and Youthful Skin\u2014Current Trends and Future Directions in Cosmetology. Appl. Sci., 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/app15052571"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koch, W., Zag\u00f3rska, J., Marzec, Z., and Kukula-Koch, W. (2019). Applications of Tea (Camellia sinensis) and Its Active Constituents in Cosmetics. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24234277"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Messire, G., Serreau, R., and Berteina-Raboin, S. (2023). Antioxidant Effects of Catechins (EGCG), Andrographolide, and Curcuminoids Compounds for Skin Protection, Cosmetics, and Dermatological Uses: An Update. Antioxidants, 12.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202305.2065.v1"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, J., Jiang, Y., Fu, J., He, L., Guo, X., Ye, H., Yin, C., Li, H., and Jiang, H. (2024). Beneficial Effects of Epigallocatechin Gallate in Preventing Skin Photoaging: A Review. Molecules, 29.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29225226"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2017.09.020","article-title":"Yerba Mate: An Overview of Physiological Effects in Humans","volume":"38","author":"Riachi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2018.10.004","article-title":"Topical Formulation Containing Ilex paraguariensis Extract Increases Metalloproteinases and Myeloperoxidase Activities in Mice Exposed to UVB Radiation","volume":"189","author":"Cuelho","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. B Biol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1039\/C5GC01008J","article-title":"CHEM21 Selection Guide of Classical- and Less Classical-Solvents","volume":"18","author":"Prat","year":"2016","journal-title":"Green Chem."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chemat, F., Abert Vian, M., Ravi, H.K., Khadhraoui, B., Hilali, S., Perino, S., and Fabiano Tixier, A.-S. (2019). Review of Alternative Solvents for Green Extraction of Food and Natural Products: Panorama, Principles, Applications and Prospects. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24163007"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bujak, T., Zag\u00f3rska-Dziok, M., Ziemlewska, A., Nizio\u0142-\u0141ukaszewska, Z., Wasilewski, T., and Hordyjewicz-Baran, Z. (2021). Antioxidant and Cytoprotective Properties of Plant Extract from Dry Flowers as Functional Dyes for Cosmetic Products. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26092809"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jakubczyk, K., Szymczykowska, K., Kika, J., Janda-Milczarek, K., Palma, J., Melkis, K., Alshekh, R., and Maciejewska-Markiewicz, D. (2024). Exploring the Influence of Origin, Harvest Time, and Cultivation Method on Antioxidant Capacity and Bioactive Compounds of Matcha Teas. Foods, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods13081270"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koch, W., Kuku\u0142a-Koch, W., Czop, M., Helon, P., and Gumbarewicz, E. (2020). The Role of Extracting Solvents in the Recovery of Polyphenols from Green Tea and Its Antiradical Activity Supported by Principal Component Analysis. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25092173"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martinovi\u0107, M., Krgovi\u0107, N., Ne\u0161i\u0107, I., \u017dugi\u0107, A., and Tadi\u0107, V.M. (2022). Conventional vs. Green Extraction Using Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents\u2014Differences in the Composition of Soluble Unbound Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Activity. Antioxidants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11112295"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P\u0142atkiewicz, J., Oko\u0142owicz, D., Frankowski, R., Grze\u015bkowiak, T., Jeszka-Skowron, M., and Zgo\u0142a-Grze\u015bkowiak, A. (2024). Antioxidant Capacity, Phenolic Compounds, and Other Constituents of Cold and Hot Yerba Mate (Ilex paraguariensis) Infusions. Antioxidants, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox13121467"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108600","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2019.108600","article-title":"Impact of the Use of Saccharides in the Encapsulation of Ilex Paraguariensis Extract","volume":"125","author":"Meinhart","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfca.2011.01.008","article-title":"Comparison of ABTS\/DPPH Assays to Measure Antioxidant Capacity in Popular Antioxidant-Rich US Foods","volume":"24","author":"Floegel","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Food Compos. Anal."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4251","DOI":"10.1021\/jf500180u","article-title":"Re-Evaluation of the 2,2-Diphenyl-1-Picrylhydrazyl Free Radical (DPPH) Assay for Antioxidant Activity","volume":"62","author":"Xie","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2440","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms10062440","article-title":"An Updated Review of Tyrosinase Inhibitors","volume":"10","author":"Chang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2021.129172","article-title":"Comparing the Inhibitory Abilities of Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate and Gallocatechin Gallate against Tyrosinase and Their Combined Effects with Kojic Acid","volume":"349","author":"Song","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124910","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2019.05.184","article-title":"Five Individual Polyphenols as Tyrosinase Inhibitors: Inhibitory Activity, Synergistic Effect, Action Mechanism, and Molecular Docking","volume":"297","author":"Yu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, C.-L., Pang, H., Run, Z., and Wang, G.-H. (2025). Anti-Melanogenic Effects of L-Theanine on B16F10 Cells and Zebrafish. Molecules, 30.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202501.0277.v1"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26048","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.5c05643","article-title":"Novel Dual-Action Whitening Peptides Derived from Tea Protein Hydrolysates","volume":"73","author":"Gong","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1021\/jf4043375","article-title":"Potato and Mushroom Polyphenol Oxidase Activities Are Differently Modulated by Natural Plant Extracts","volume":"62","author":"Kuijpers","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"121","article-title":"Determination of Sun Protection Factor by Spectrophotometry","volume":"61","author":"Mansur","year":"1986","journal-title":"An. Bras. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"(2024). Cosmetics\u2014Sun Protection Test Methods\u2014In Vitro Determination of Sun Protection Factor (SPF) (Standard No. ISO 23675)."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"(2019). Cosmetics\u2014Sun Protection Test Methods\u2014In Vivo Determination of the Sun Protection Factor (SPF) (Standard No. ISO 24444)."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"(2021). Cosmetics\u2014Determination of Sunscreen UVA Photoprotection In Vitro (Standard No. ISO 24443)."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules18010574","article-title":"Comparative Evaluation of Different Co-Antioxidants on the Photochemical- and Functional-Stability of Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate in Topical Creams Exposed to Simulated Sunlight","volume":"18","author":"Scalia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"48","article-title":"Screening of In Vitro Sun Protection Factor of Some Medicinal Plant Extracts by Ultraviolet Spectroscopy Method","volume":"8","author":"Sutar","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Appl. Biol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.29161\/PT.v6.i12.2018.41","article-title":"Determination of Sun Protection Factor (SPF) Number of Some Hydroalcoholic Vegetable Extracts","volume":"6","author":"Mazumder","year":"2018","journal-title":"PharmaTutor"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1080\/15569527.2024.2340440","article-title":"Enhanced Sun Protection Factor of Octocrylene with Green Tea and Bhringraj Extracts","volume":"43","author":"Pasupathi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cutan. Ocul. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1080\/15569527.2025.2502422","article-title":"Green Approach for the Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles and Their Enhanced Sun Protection Factor in the Presence of Octocrylene","volume":"44","author":"Pasupathi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cutan. Ocul. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1007\/s43630-026-00872-6","article-title":"Photoresponsive Antioxidant-Based Gels Incorporating Natural Polyphenols and ZnO Nanoparticles: A Synergistic Approach to UV Protection and Photostability","volume":"25","author":"Said","year":"2026","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18644","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-75269-1","article-title":"Protective Effect of Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate (EGCG) on Toxic Metalloproteinases-Mediated Skin Damage Induced by Scyphozoan Jellyfish Envenomation","volume":"10","author":"Hwang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1007\/s11596-009-0620-4","article-title":"EGCG Enhances TRAIL-Mediated Apoptosis in Human Melanoma A375 Cell Line","volume":"29","author":"Shen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Huazhong Univ. Sci. Technol. (Med. Sci.)"},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"290","article-title":"EGCG and ECG Induce Apoptosis and Decrease Autophagy via the AMPK\/mTOR and PI3K\/AKT\/mTOR Pathway in Human Melanoma Cells","volume":"20","author":"Du","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chin. J. Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18792","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-98191-6","article-title":"Effect of Fermentation Time on the Content of Bioactive Compounds with Cosmetic and Dermatological Properties in Kombucha Yerba Mate Extracts","volume":"11","author":"Ziemlewska","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2647","DOI":"10.1039\/D5FB00931F","article-title":"Microwave-Assisted Extraction as a Fast and Sustainable Approach for the Recovery of Caffeine and Chlorogenic Acids from Coffee Silverskin: Evaluation of Operating Conditions and Comparison with Conventional Extraction","volume":"4","author":"Machado","year":"2026","journal-title":"Sustain. Food Technol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Toniolo, C., Patriarca, A., De Vita, D., Santi, L., and Sciubba, F. (2025). A Comparative Multianalytical Approach to the Characterization of Different Grades of Matcha Tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze). Plants, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants14111631"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phyplu.2020.100001","article-title":"Phytochemical Characterization and Biological Activities of Green Tea (Camellia sinensis) Produced in the Azores, Portugal","volume":"1","author":"Barreira","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phytomed. Plus"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104634","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2020.104634","article-title":"Anti-Melanogenic Effects of Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate (EGCG), Epicatechin-3-Gallate (ECG) and Gallocatechin-3-Gallate (GCG) via down-Regulation of cAMP\/CREB \/MITF Signaling Pathway in B16F10 Melanoma Cells","volume":"145","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70679","DOI":"10.1111\/1750-3841.70679","article-title":"Bioactive Compounds of Ilex paraguariensis: A Critical Update on Extraction, Gastrointestinal Stability, and Technological Applications","volume":"90","author":"Palavicini","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1007\/s12161-026-03099-4","article-title":"Solvent Selection for Polyphenol Extraction from Yerba Mate (Ilex paraguariensis) Leaf Residue: A Mixture Design and Exhaustive Extraction Approach","volume":"19","author":"Neis","year":"2026","journal-title":"Food Anal. Methods"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1404","DOI":"10.1134\/S0020168521140120","article-title":"Aqueous Propylene Glycol Extracts from Medicinal Plants: Chemical Composition, Antioxidant Activity, Standardization, and Extraction Kinetics","volume":"57","author":"Volkov","year":"2021","journal-title":"Inorg. Mater."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3597","DOI":"10.1021\/jf000220w","article-title":"Assessing Antioxidant and Prooxidant Activities of Phenolic Compounds","volume":"48","author":"Fukumoto","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.2478\/s11535-012-0094-4","article-title":"Total Phenolic Content, Flavonoid Concentration, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity of Methanol Extracts from Three Seseli L. Taxa","volume":"7","author":"Marin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Open Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(98)00315-3","article-title":"Antioxidant Activity Applying an Improved ABTS Radical Cation Decolorization Assay","volume":"26","author":"Re","year":"1999","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2013.12.008","article-title":"Inhibition of Tyrosinase Activity and Melanine Pigmentation by 2-Hydroxytyrosol","volume":"4","author":"Uchida","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Pharm. Sin. B"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.1979.tb07090.x","article-title":"A comparison of in vivo and in vitro testing of sunscreening formulas","volume":"29","author":"Sayre","year":"1979","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-2494.1994.tb00082.x","article-title":"A Method for Broad-Spectrum Classification of Sunscreens","volume":"16","author":"Diffey","year":"1994","journal-title":"Int. J. Cosmet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2008.75","article-title":"Neutral Red Uptake Assay for the Estimation of Cell Viability\/Cytotoxicity","volume":"3","author":"Repetto","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1963.10500845","article-title":"Hierarchical Grouping to Optimize an Objective Function","volume":"58","author":"Ward","year":"1963","journal-title":"J. Am. Stat. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1007\/s00357-014-9161-z","article-title":"Ward\u2019s Hierarchical Agglomerative Clustering Method: Which Algorithms Implement Ward\u2019s Criterion?","volume":"31","author":"Murtagh","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Classif."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1974.tb00994.x","article-title":"Cross-Validatory Choice and Assessment of Statistical Predictions","volume":"36","author":"Stone","year":"1974","journal-title":"J. R. Stat. Soc. Ser. B Stat. Methodol."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/31\/16\/2742\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T08:02:26Z","timestamp":1786089746000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/31\/16\/2742"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules31162742"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules31162742","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]]}}}