{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T21:11:25Z","timestamp":1789420285584,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786060800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004488","name":"Croatian Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IP-2024-05-4339"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IP-2024-05-4339"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004488","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["IP-2024-05-4339"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IP-2024-05-4339"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03n51vw80","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Functional coatings based on natural bioactive compounds have attracted increasing interest in topical and biomedical applications. In this study, textile substrates were coated with formulations containing propolis and selected biopolymers to create biocompatible surfaces with enhanced physicochemical and biological properties. The coating preparation process was optimized to achieve uniform deposition and stable incorporation of bioactive constituents. The chemical composition and interactions between propolis, biopolymers, and textile fibers were investigated using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), while surface morphology and coating distribution were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The presence and stability of key phenolic compounds in propolis were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Optical properties and UV-shielding performance of the coated textiles were evaluated using UV\u2013Vis spectroscopy. The coffee-ring effect was investigated during coating formulation, as this phenomenon significantly reveals coating homogeneity, surface microstructure, and the spatial distribution of active compounds. The influence of formulation parameters on deposit morphology and coating quality was systematically assessed. The biocompatibility of the developed coatings was evaluated through in vitro cytotoxicity testing, demonstrating their suitability for direct skin contact. The combined analytical results confirmed successful incorporation of propolis into the biopolymer matrix, indicating that propolis\u2013biopolymer coatings represent a promising approach for the fabrication of functional textiles intended for topical applications, including wound care, skin protection, and antimicrobial textile products.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31162746","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T11:44:53Z","timestamp":1786103093000},"page":"2746","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Preparation and Characterization of Propolis\u2013Biopolymer Coatings on Textiles for Topical Applications: Chemical Composition, Bioactivity, and Cytotoxicity Assessment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1531-776X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iva","family":"Rezi\u0107 Me\u0161trovi\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Textile Technology, University of Zagreb, Prilaz baruna Filipovi\u0107a 28a, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Darinka","family":"Cvetkovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Testing, Faculty of Textile Technology, University of Zagreb, Prilaz baruna Filipovi\u0107a 28a, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3937-3520","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Zandona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Toxicology, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, 10001 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7043-4291","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maja","family":"Katalini\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Toxicology, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, 10001 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1603-0856","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ernest","family":"Me\u0161trovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, University of Zagreb, Maruli\u0107ev trg 19, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8026-8952","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maja","family":"Somogyi \u0160koc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Testing, Faculty of Textile Technology, University of Zagreb, Prilaz baruna Filipovi\u0107a 28a, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bea.2025.100199","article-title":"Biomedical applications of advanced textiles: From wound healing to wearable health monitoring systems","volume":"10","author":"Hossen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomed. 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