{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T04:30:50Z","timestamp":1786422650435,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,8]],"date-time":"2026-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786147200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Program of Hunan Natural Science Foundation","award":["2026JJ90304; 2023JJ31011; 2023JJ41049"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2026JJ90304; 2023JJ31011; 2023JJ41049"]}]},{"name":"The science and technology innovation Program of Hunan Province","award":["2022RC1131"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022RC1131"]}]},{"name":"The Youth Student Basic Research Project of the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province","award":["2026JJ90304"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2026JJ90304"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Lead (Pb) accumulation in paddy soils promotes its transfer to rice grains, posing persistent risks to food safety and human health. Here, we developed a GSNO-encapsulated chitosan\u2013biochar-supported sulfidized nanoscale zero-valent iron composite (GSNO-CS@S-nZVI\/BC) to integrate sustained nitric oxide (NO) delivery with Pb immobilization in rice\u2013soil systems. The novelty of this strategy lies in coupling a biocompatible NO donor with a Pb-reactive CS@S-nZVI\/BC matrix to simultaneously alleviate Pb-induced physiological stress in rice and suppress Pb migration from soil to edible grains. In hydroponic experiments, Pb exposure reduced rice fresh weight, dry weight, and chlorophyll levels by 71.2%, 55.6%, and 75.1%, respectively. Compared with Pb treatment alone, GSNO-CS@S-nZVI\/BC increased rice dry weight and chlorophyll levels by 68.5% and 260%, respectively, while decreasing Pb concentrations in roots and shoots by 78.2% and 85.8%. In soil pot experiments, GSNO-CS@S-nZVI\/BC reduced Pb concentrations in roots, shoots, panicles, and grains by 57.6%, 57.0%, 40.3%, and 64.3%, respectively. It also decreased the grain Pb bioconcentration factor by 80.7%, reduced the soil-to-root Pb translocation factor by 84.41%, and lowered the grain Pb bioconcentration factor to 0.043 \u00b1 0.007. Mechanistically, GSNO-CS@S-nZVI\/BC promoted root iron plaque formation by 176.1% and increased Pb adsorption by root iron plaque by 156.9%, while decreasing the oxidizable Pb fraction in soil by 11% and increasing the reducible Pb fraction by 10%. These results indicate that GSNO-CS@S-nZVI\/BC mitigates Pb toxicity through sustained NO release, enhanced root iron plaque-mediated Pb sequestration, and soil Pb stabilization. Overall, this nano-enabled amendment provides a promising strategy for reducing Pb transfer from contaminated paddy soils to rice grains and improving the safe utilization of Pb-contaminated farmland.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31162761","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T01:20:03Z","timestamp":1786324803000},"page":"2761","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Alleviating Pb Toxicity in Rice\u2013Soil Systems by GSNO-Encapsulated Chitosan\u2013Biochar\/S-nZVI Composites: Sustained Release of NO and the Stabilization of Pb"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Fanjiang","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Ecology and Environment, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunfang","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Ecology and Environment, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yutong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Ecology and Environment, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinyu","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Ecology and Environment, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6916-9723","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meifang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Ecology and Environment, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0948-0701","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chengyun","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiaqin","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Ecology and Environment, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinjiang","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Ecology and Environment, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3813-5739","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoxi","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Landscape Architecture, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaoheng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Chemistry and Material Engineering, Hunan University of Arts and Science, Changde 415000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gexplo.2019.05.009","article-title":"Source apportionment of Pb in a rice-soil system using field monitoring and isotope composition analysis","volume":"204","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. 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