{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:26:52Z","timestamp":1787030812215,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,15]],"date-time":"2026-08-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786752000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100023006","name":"Ocean Spray Cranberries, Inc.","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["RSA #36627"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RSA #36627"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100023006","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["RSA #36627"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RSA #36627"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/043gx1t37","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"UMass Cranberry Health Research Center","award":["#INTF4005P01W24044392"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#INTF4005P01W24044392"]}]},{"award":["#INTF4005P01W24044392"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#INTF4005P01W24044392"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05ttvc873","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Secondary Affiliated Hospital of SooChow University","award":["SDFEYVS2426"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SDFEYVS2426"]}]},{"name":"Secondary Affiliated Hospital of SooChow University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vaccinium macrocarpon (American Cranberry) fruit is processed to make juice, supplements, and other edible products, leaving pomace as a sidestream that contains secondary metabolites with potential anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative activities. Ultrasound-assisted extraction and chromatographic methods were developed to prepare an extract (POM-ACE) and fractions rich in pentacyclic triterpenoids and phytosterols for bioactivity evaluation. These were characterized using UPLC-MS and GC-MS. Anti-inflammatory effects were assessed in a human monocyte (THP-1) model, identifying several fractions containing triterpenoids and sitosterol that significantly inhibited IL-1\u03b2 expression. Molecular docking indicated favorable interactions of these components with NLRP3, suggesting a possible modulation of inflammasome. Fractions rich in ursolic acid (UA) and oleanolic acid (OA) and their p-hydroxycinnamic acid (HCA) esters also showed mild concentration-dependent inhibition of lipoxygenase (LOX) activity. Pearson correlation analysis identified strong positive correlations between UA, OA, and their trans-HCA esters with LOX inhibition. Anti-proliferative activity was assessed in HT-29 colon adenocarcinoma cells using MTT, with several fractions exhibiting moderate concentration-dependent activity (IC50 = 12\u201317 \u00b5g\/mL). PLS regression analysis supported significant contributions by UA, OA, and their HCA esters. Flow cytometry experiments demonstrated that cell death occurs in part through apoptosis; the role of apoptosis was further supported by favorable molecular docking interactions between pomace triterpenoids and caspases-3 and -9. These findings suggest that cranberry pomace is a promising source of triterpenoids and phytosterols with anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative properties.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31162853","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T10:04:36Z","timestamp":1786961076000},"page":"2853","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Characterization of Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Proliferative Triterpenoids and Phytosterols from Cranberry Pomace"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Md Sagir","family":"Mia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, North Dartmouth, MA 02747, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2889-0319","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huifang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioactive Botanical Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioactive Botanical Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tracie","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, North Dartmouth, MA 02747, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3242-2633","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md Afjalus","family":"Siraj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ferris State University, Big Rapids, MI 49307, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-1933-2951","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muaz","family":"Faruque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7565-6889","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hang","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioactive Botanical Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6149-3820","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christina","family":"Khoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ocean Spray Cranberries, Inc., Lakeville, MA 02349, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lindsey","family":"Christman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ocean Spray Cranberries, Inc., Lakeville, MA 02349, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4542-0880","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catherine","family":"Neto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, North Dartmouth, MA 02747, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4030","DOI":"10.1021\/jf902829g","article-title":"Proximate and Polyphenolic Characterization of Cranberry Pomace","volume":"58","author":"White","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. 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