{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T16:32:05Z","timestamp":1787157125073,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787097600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Caspase-1 is a crucial inflammatory cysteine protease that facilitates the maturation of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1\u03b2 and interleukin-18, making it a significant therapeutic target for inflammatory diseases. However, existing caspase-1 inhibitors often face challenges like toxicity and suboptimal drug-like properties, underscoring the need for new inhibitors. This study employed an integrated computational strategy, combining quantitative structure\u2013activity relationship (QSAR) modeling and application of this validated model to a large natural product database followed by molecular docking, rigorous binding free energy analysis and extended molecular dynamics simulations. Initially, a dataset of 185 caspase-1 inhibitors with experimentally reported pKi values (ranging from 4.05 to 9.24) was used to construct a QSAR model using Partial Least Squares (PLS) regression. The PLS-based QSAR model was developed with 18 descriptors out of 5799 calculated descriptors for each compound and 10 latent variables, demonstrating strong statistical performance with R2 values of 0.870 and 0.838 for the training and test sets, respectively, and leave-one-out cross-validation coefficient Q2LOO and 5-fold cross-validation (Q25-fold) values of 0.819 and 0.814, respectively. Y-randomization tests further confirmed the model\u2019s robustness, as the randomized models exhibited significantly lower statistical parameters than the original model. The validated QSAR model was applied to 276,518 natural products in the LOTUS database. Subsequent molecular docking, Molecular Mechanics\/General Born Surface Area (MM\/GBSA) scoring, and Pan-Assay INterference Compounds (PAINS) and Chemical Frequent Hitter (ChemFH) filtering identified 14 candidate compounds, which were further evaluated using 300 ns molecular dynamics simulations. Among these, four natural products (LTS0162325, LTS0221286, LTS0016840, and LTS0070407) showed the most stable binding behavior and maintained persistent interactions with key catalytic and substrate-binding residues of caspase-1 in a mimicked physiological condition. Overall, this study highlights natural diterpenoids and coumarin glycosides as promising scaffolds for caspase-1 inhibition and demonstrates that integrating QSAR modeling with structure-based approaches provides an efficient strategy for discovering potential anti-inflammatory drug candidates.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31162894","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T16:12:58Z","timestamp":1787155978000},"page":"2894","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Comprehensive Study Utilizing QSAR, Virtual Screening, Molecular Docking, Molecular Dynamics, and MM\/GBSA Analyses Reveals Natural Diterpenoids as Promising Caspase-1 Inhibitors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5990-9628","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yusuf","family":"\u015eeflek\u00e7i","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Art and Sciences, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul 34220, T\u00fcrkiye"},{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Biruni University, Istanbul 34015, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8827-4887","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alper","family":"Y\u0131lmaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Art and Sciences, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul 34220, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3087-5145","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdulilah","family":"Ece","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Biruni University, Istanbul 34015, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2004.05.004","article-title":"Inflammatory caspases: Linking an intracellular innate immune system to autoinflammatory diseases","volume":"117","author":"Martinon","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2005.09.015","article-title":"IL-33, an interleukin-1-like cytokine that signals via the IL-1 receptor-related protein ST2 and induces T helper type 2-associated cytokines","volume":"23","author":"Schmitz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dutra, F.F., and Bozza, M.T. 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