{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T16:27:35Z","timestamp":1787243255714,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787184000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The transition to a hydrogen-based economy requires efficient and sustainable technologies to convert waste into clean energy carriers. This study investigates the production of hydrogen-rich gas through the integrated pyrolysis steam reforming (PSR) and integrated pyrolysis (PYR) and catalytic steam reforming (PCSR) of real municipal solid waste (MSW). PCSR experiments were conducted in a two-stage series reactor system: an initial pyrolysis stage at 500 \u00b0C followed by a catalytic steam reforming stage at 900 \u00b0C over a commercial Ni\/Al2O3 catalyst (9.8 wt.% Ni). Three real MSW samples from the Serra Ga\u00facha region (Brazil) were evaluated: organic-rich (A), polymeric-rich (B), and a mixed real collection fraction (C). Gas yields from PYR to PCSR increased from 0.44 to 1.18 Nm3\u00b7kgMSW\u22121, from 0.66 to 1.54 Nm3\u00b7kgMSW\u22121, and from 0.35 to 1.50 Nm3\u00b7kgMSW\u22121 for (A), (B), and (C) samples, respectively. Hydrogen concentrations of PCSR were between 32% and 39% volume for all samples, with a marked reduction in CH4 and CO levels due to the promotion of water\u2013gas shift and methane reforming reactions over the nickel active sites. The PCSR process using a Ni\/Al2O3 catalyst proves to be a highly effective route for maximizing hydrogen production from real MSW, offering a robust technological solution for energy valorization and carbon footprint reduction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31162917","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T16:05:19Z","timestamp":1787241919000},"page":"2917","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Hydrogen-Rich Gas Production from Municipal Solid Waste via Integrated Pyrolysis and Catalytic Steam Reforming over Ni\/Al2O3 Catalyst"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Ivan Pedro","family":"Lazzarotto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering of Processes and Technologies Post-Graduate Program, University of Caxias do Sul\u2014UCS, Caxias do Sul 95070-560, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7856-2781","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oscar de Almeida","family":"Neuwald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering of Processes and Technologies Post-Graduate Program, University of Caxias do Sul\u2014UCS, Caxias do Sul 95070-560, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-4328-6896","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucas David","family":"Biondo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering of Processes and Technologies Post-Graduate Program, University of Caxias do Sul\u2014UCS, Caxias do Sul 95070-560, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6110-9673","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniele","family":"Perondi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering of Processes and Technologies Post-Graduate Program, University of Caxias do Sul\u2014UCS, Caxias do Sul 95070-560, Brazil"},{"name":"UCSGRAPHENE Research and Development Unit, University of Caxias do Sul\u2014UCS, Caxias do Sul 95070-560, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3110-5636","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian","family":"Manera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering of Processes and Technologies Post-Graduate Program, University of Caxias do Sul\u2014UCS, Caxias do Sul 95070-560, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8630-1995","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcelo","family":"Godinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering of Processes and Technologies Post-Graduate Program, University of Caxias do Sul\u2014UCS, Caxias do Sul 95070-560, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"ISWA (2022). O Futuro do Setor de Gest\u00e3o de Res\u00edduos. Tend\u00eancias, Oportunidades e Desafios para a D\u00e9cada, ISWA."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Brazil (2026, August 17). Law No. 12,305 of 2 August 2010: Establishes the National Solid Waste Policy, Amends Law No. 9,605 of 12 February 1998, and Provides Other Measures. Di\u00e1rio Oficial da Uni\u00e3o: Bras\u00edlia, Brazil, 3 August 2010; Section 1, pp. 3\u20137, Available online: https:\/\/www.planalto.gov.br\/ccivil_03\/_ato2007-2010\/2010\/lei\/l12305.htm."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Hydrogen Council (2022). Global Hydrogen Flows, Hydrogen Council."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Ministry of Mines and Energy (2026, August 17). National Hydrogen Program: Proposal of Guidelines, Available online: https:\/\/www.gov.br\/mme\/pt-br\/assuntos\/noticias\/mme-apresenta-ao-cnpe-proposta-de-diretrizes-para-o-programa-nacional-do-hidrogenio-pnh2\/HidrognioRelatriodiretrizes.pdf."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Minist\u00e9rio de Minas e Energia (2021). Programa Nacional Do Hidrog\u00eanio."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2010.04.137","article-title":"Hydrogen from biomass\u2013present scenario and future prospects","volume":"35","author":"Balat","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Hydrogen Energy"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.1007\/s10163-019-00876-8","article-title":"Production of hydrogen from the pyrolysis\u2013catalytic steam reforming of waste tyres","volume":"21","author":"Williams","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mater. Cycles Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11679","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.energyfuels.0c02043","article-title":"Hydrogen from Waste Plastics by Two-Stage Pyrolysis\/Low-Temperature Nonthermal Plasma Catalytic Reforming","volume":"34","author":"Aminu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Energy Fuels"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6045","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2009.06.041","article-title":"Tar reduction in pyrolysis vapours from biomass over a hot char bed","volume":"100","author":"Gilbert","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2020.110124","article-title":"Progress of the applications of bio-oil","volume":"134","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2009.03.036","article-title":"Steam reforming of biomass gasification tar using benzene as a model compound over various Ni supported metal oxide catalysts","volume":"101","author":"Park","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2016.01.049","article-title":"Time and temperature depended fuel gas generation from pyrolysis of real world municipal plastic waste","volume":"174","author":"Singh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2013.11.020","article-title":"Waste to energy status in India: A short review","volume":"31","author":"Kalyani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115905","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2022.115905","article-title":"Municipal solid waste generation and the current state of waste-to-energy potential: State of art review","volume":"267","author":"Khan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Energy Convers. Manag."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2014.11.010","article-title":"A review of technologies and performances of thermal treatment systems for energy recovery from waste","volume":"37","author":"Lombardi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25975","DOI":"10.1039\/C6RA01657J","article-title":"Hydrogen production from biomass by continuous fast pyrolysis and in-line steam reforming","volume":"6","author":"Arregi","year":"2016","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2017.01.051","article-title":"Hot char-catalytic reforming of volatiles from MSW pyrolysis","volume":"191","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qiu, M., Xiang, C., Wen, Y., Hong, W., Liu, R., Chen, D., and Chen, D. (2025). H2 Production from Pyrolysis-Steam Reforming of Municipal Solid Waste and Biomass: A Comparative Study When Using the Self-Derived Char-Based Catalysts. Catalysts, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/catal15060531"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pafili, A., Charisiou, N.D., Douvartzides, S.L., Siakavelas, G.I., Wang, W., Liu, G., Papadakis, V.G., and Goula, M.A. (2021). Recent progress in the steam reforming of bio-oil for hydrogen production: A review of catalysts, mechanisms, and reactor designs. Catalysts, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/catal11121526"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2016.03.091","article-title":"A sequential process for hydrogen production based on continuous HDPE fast pyrolysis and in-line steam reforming","volume":"296","author":"Barbarias","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"113","article-title":"A holistic assessment of microplastic ubiquitousness: Pathway for source identification in the environment","volume":"33","author":"Akanyange","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sustain. Prod. Consum."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3198","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.energyfuels.5b02508","article-title":"Pyrolysis-Catalytic-Dry Reforming of Mixed Waste Plastics for Syngas Production","volume":"30","author":"Saad","year":"2016","journal-title":"Energy Fuels"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Lazzarotto, I.P. (2024). Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o do Processo de Pir\u00f3lise e Reforma a Vapor Catal\u00edtica em S\u00e9rie de Res\u00edduos S\u00f3lidos Urbanos (RSU) para a Produ\u00e7\u00e3o de um G\u00e1s Rico em Hidrog\u00eanio (H2). [Master\u2019s Thesis, Universidade de Caxias do Sul]."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"1111","article-title":"Chlorine Input and Chlorophenol Emission in the Lab-Scale Combustion of Municipal Solid Waste","volume":"32","author":"Kanters","year":"1996","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, W., and Rotter, S. (2008). Overview on the Chlorine Origin of MSW Cl-Originated Corrosion during MSW & RDF Combustion Process. 2008 2nd International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering, IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICBBE.2008.564"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2019.12.009","article-title":"Glass as a contaminant in solid recovered fuels: Review of occurrences, impacts, and separation technologies","volume":"103","author":"Viczek","year":"2020","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2004.03.003","article-title":"Chlorine mass balance and emissions of PCDDs\/DFs in a municipal solid waste incinerator","volume":"24","author":"Watanabe","year":"2004","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Medaiyese, F.J., Nasriani, R.H., Khan, K., and Khajenoori, L. (2025). Hydrogen Production through Plastic Waste Valorization: A Review of Current Technologies and Catalyst Configurations. Hydrogen, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/hydrogen6010015"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuproc.2018.02.012","article-title":"Municipal solid waste (MSW) pyrolysis for bio-fuel production: A review of effects of parameters and catalysts","volume":"175","author":"Sipra","year":"2018","journal-title":"Fuel Process. Technol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2018.01.018","article-title":"Thermodynamic equilibrium analysis of gasification of municipal solid waste component fractions","volume":"213","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tsep.2017.06.003","article-title":"Potential of pyrolysis processes in the waste management sector","volume":"3","author":"Anguilano","year":"2017","journal-title":"Therm. Sci. Eng. Prog."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111073","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2021.111073","article-title":"Energy recovery from municipal solid waste using pyrolysis technology: A review on current status and developments","volume":"145","author":"Hasan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egypro.2017.10.106","article-title":"Torrefaction of municipal solid waste in Malaysia","volume":"138","author":"Jamin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Energy Procedia"},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"105151","article-title":"Status, challenges, and future prospects of municipal solid waste management in South Asian countries","volume":"134","author":"Azam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"111530","article-title":"Review of thermodynamic modeling and simulation of municipal solid waste gasification","volume":"151","author":"Dashti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2014.12.015","article-title":"Classification of municipal solid waste components for thermal conversion in waste-to-energy research","volume":"145","author":"Zhou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2019.10.009","article-title":"A combined two-stage process of pyrolysis and catalytic cracking of municipal solid waste for the production of syngas and solid refuse-derived fuels","volume":"101","author":"Veses","year":"2020","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pecs.2019.100789","article-title":"The fate of chlorine during MSW incineration: Vaporization, transformation, deposition, corrosion and remedies","volume":"76","author":"Ma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prog. Energy Combust. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sygu\u0142a, E., \u015awiechowski, K., Hejna, M., Kunaszyk, I., and Bia\u0142owiec, A. (2021). Municipal Solid Waste Thermal Analysis\u2014Pyrolysis Kinetics and Decomposition Leader Identification. Energies, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/en14154510"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuproc.2012.04.019","article-title":"Thermogravimetric analysis of the thermal decomposition of municipal solid waste under a 100% CO2 atmosphere","volume":"102","author":"Lai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Fuel Process. Technol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joei.2016.11.005","article-title":"Thermal\u2014Catalytic cracking of real MSW into Bio-Crude Oil","volume":"91","author":"Gandidi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Energy Inst."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2017.06.044","article-title":"Thermo-Catalytic Reforming of municipal solid waste","volume":"68","author":"Ouadi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"1133","article-title":"Experimental studies on low-temperature pyrolysis of municipal solid waste components","volume":"30","author":"Wang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoleng.2014.04.004","article-title":"A comparison of catalysts zeolite and calcined dolomite for gas production from pyrolysis of municipal solid waste (MSW)","volume":"69","author":"Tursunov","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ecol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaap.2011.07.011","article-title":"Study of the pyrolysis of municipal solid waste for the production of valuable products","volume":"92","author":"Velghe","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2019.03.067","article-title":"Thermal degradation of waste plastics under non-sweeping atmosphere: Part 1: Effect of temperature, product optimization, and degradation mechanism","volume":"239","author":"Singh","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envadv.2023.100395","article-title":"Physicochemical properties and applications of biochars derived from municipal solid waste: A review","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Adv."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106622","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaap.2024.106622","article-title":"Municipal solid and plastic waste derived high-performance biochar production: A comprehensive review","volume":"181","author":"Razzak","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2021.106003","article-title":"Synergistic mechanism and chemical kinetics of co-pyrolysis of municipal solid waste components","volume":"177","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Resour. Conserv. Recycl."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaap.2014.05.023","article-title":"Evaluation of pyrolysis process parameters on polypropylene degradation in a stirred batch reactor","volume":"109","author":"Haghighi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2013.01.112","article-title":"Comparison of real waste (MSW and MPW) pyrolysis in batch reactor over different catalysts. Part I: Product yields, gas and pyrolysis oil properties","volume":"133","author":"Miskolczi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2014.09.025","article-title":"Separation of polyethylene terephthalate from municipal waste plastics by froth flotation for recycling industry","volume":"35","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6605","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2021.12.065","article-title":"Two-stage fast pyrolysis and catalytic steam reforming of corn waste bio-oil over Ni\u2013Fe\/PCH catalyst for hydrogen production","volume":"47","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Hydrogen Energy"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2013.08.021","article-title":"High efficiency chlorine removal from polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pyrolysis with a gas\u2013liquid fluidized bed reactor","volume":"34","author":"Yuan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psep.2020.04.009","article-title":"Steam catalytic gasification of elephant grass pellets","volume":"140","author":"Lazzarotto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Process Saf. Environ. Prot."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17051","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.energyfuels.1c01666","article-title":"Progress on Catalyst Development for the Steam Reforming of Biomass and Waste Plastics Pyrolysis Volatiles: A Review","volume":"35","author":"Olazar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Energy Fuels"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2021.07.019","article-title":"Hydrogen-rich syngas from wet municipal solid waste gasification using Ni\/Waste marble powder catalyst promoted by transition metals","volume":"132","author":"Irfan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaap.2024.106374","article-title":"Waste derived ash as catalysts for the pyrolysis-catalytic steam reforming of waste plastics for hydrogen-rich syngas production","volume":"177","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3894","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.energyfuels.2c02934","article-title":"Hydrogen Production by Three-Stage (i) Pyrolysis, (ii) Catalytic Steam Reforming, and (iii) Water Gas Shift Reactor Systems Using Waste Plastics","volume":"37","author":"Alshareef","year":"2023","journal-title":"Energy Fuels"},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"International Energy Agency (IEA) (2023). Hydrogen, IEA. Available online: https:\/\/www.iea.org\/reports\/hydrogen-2156."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (2023). Climate Change 2021\u2014The Physical Science Basis, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/9781009157896"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2500483","DOI":"10.1002\/aesr.70207","article-title":"Recent Advances in Life Cycle Assessment of Methane Pyrolysis for Sustainable Hydrogen Production","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Adv. Energy Sustain. Res."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"100456","article-title":"Effect of a Heat Exchanger on Syngas Quality and System Efficiency in Municipal Solid Waste Gasification","volume":"25","author":"Jiang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Appl. Energy Combust. Sci."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127464","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2022.127464","article-title":"Life cycle assessment of waste-to-hydrogen systems for fuel cell electric buses in Glasgow, Scotland","volume":"359","author":"Lui","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"Christensen, A., and Co, A. (2020). Assessment of Hydrogen Production Costs from Electrolysis: United States and Europe, International Council on Clean Transportation."},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"(2021). Standard Test Method for Chemical Analysis of Wood Charcoal (Standard No. ASTM D1762-84)."},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"(2016). Standard Test Methods for Determination of Carbon, Hydrogen and Nitrogen in Analysis Samples of Coal and Carbon in Analysis Samples of Coal and Coke (Standard No. ASTM D5373-16)."},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"(2018). Standard Test Method for Sulfur in the Analysis Sample of Coal and Coke Using High-Temperature Tube Furnace Combustion (Standard No. ASTM D4239-18e1)."},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"(2013). Standard Test Method for Gross Calorific Value of Coal and Coke (Standard No. ASTM D5865-13)."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106874","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catcom.2024.106874","article-title":"DoE-driven thermodynamic assessment of COX-free hydrogen production from methane decomposition","volume":"187","author":"Biondo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Catal. Commun."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/31\/16\/2917\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T16:06:43Z","timestamp":1787242003000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/31\/16\/2917"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules31162917"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules31162917","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]]}}}