{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T10:32:00Z","timestamp":1787567520611,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,22]],"date-time":"2026-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787356800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004608","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BK20240984"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20240984"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004608","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52400069"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52400069"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52400150"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52400150"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["52400069"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52400069"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["52400150"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52400150"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2025M781162"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025M781162"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["2025M781162"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025M781162"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0426zh255","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"opening project of the State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology","award":["202502"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202502"]}]},{"award":["202502"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202502"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00g51hv48","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Changzhou Leading Innovative Talents Recruitment and Cultivation Program","award":["CQ20250046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CQ20250046"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>17\u03b2-Estradiol (E2), a highly bioactive steroid estrogen, poses potential ecological risks even at trace concentrations in aquatic environments. In this study, a nanoconfined Co-based catalyst (Co@Cin) was employed to activate peracetic acid (PAA) for efficient E2 degradation. Microscopic and spectroscopic characterizations indicated that Co-containing species were highly dispersed within the CNT-based architecture, while the graphitic tubular framework was largely preserved. Compared with PAA alone, CNTs, Co@Cin alone, and the externally loaded Co@Cout\/PAA system, Co@Cin\/PAA exhibited substantially faster E2 degradation. Pseudo-first-order kinetic analysis further demonstrated the enhanced degradation kinetics of the internally confined system. Importantly, ICP analysis showed comparable Co loadings for Co@Cin and Co@Cout, while Co@Cin retained a markedly higher Co-normalized apparent kinetic activity, indicating that its enhanced performance cannot be explained simply by differences in total Co loading. Moreover, Co@Cin exhibited substantially lower Co leaching than Co@Cout and maintained considerable catalytic activity over five consecutive cycles, demonstrating improved stability of the confined Co species. The degradation performance was influenced by initial E2 concentration, catalyst dosage, PAA concentration, and pH, while Cl\u2212 and NO3\u2212 showed negligible effects and humic acid and CO32\u2212 caused only moderate inhibition. Scavenging experiments and controlled TEMP-EPR measurements with appropriate blank and control systems supported a dominant contribution of singlet oxygen (1O2), with radical pathways playing only minor roles. The enhanced performance is therefore associated with the nanoconfined reaction environment, which promotes efficient PAA activation while stabilizing the Co species. This work extends nanoconfinement-regulated PAA oxidation to the treatment of the highly bioactive steroid estrogen E2 and provides a quantitative assessment of the activity\u2013stability advantages of internally confined Co species.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31172946","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T09:20:02Z","timestamp":1787563202000},"page":"2946","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Singlet Oxygen-Mediated Degradation of 17\u03b2-Estradiol by Peracetic Acid Activated over Co Species Confined in Carbon Nanotubes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Jie","family":"Teng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Urban Construction, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuzhen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Urban Construction, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiangbo","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Urban Construction, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wencheng","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Urban Construction, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Urban Construction, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingguo","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Urban Construction, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2016.12.010","article-title":"Environmental impact of estrogens on human, animal and plant life: A critical review","volume":"99","author":"Adeel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1515\/reveh-2016-0040","article-title":"Effects of 17\u03b2-estradiol (E2) on aqueous organisms and its treatment problem: A review","volume":"31","author":"Nazari","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liyanage, S., Lay, M., Glasgow, G., Tanner, C., Craggs, R., and Northcott, G. (2024). Nature based solutions for removal of steroid estrogens in wastewater. Front. Microbiol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1437795"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"da Silva, R.L., Lima e Silva, M.A., Teixeira, T.P., Farnesi de Assun\u00e7\u00e3o, T.S., Teixeira, P.P., Tamagno, W.A., Rocha, T.L., Gon\u00e7alves, J.C.S.I., and Marcon, M. (2025). A Systematic Review of Estrogens as Emerging Contaminants in Water: A Global Overview Study from the One Health Perspective. J. Xenobiot., 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/jox15050148"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2013.12.065","article-title":"A review on the occurrence of micropollutants in the aquatic environment and their fate and removal during wastewater treatment","volume":"473\u2013474","author":"Luo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.7921","article-title":"Assessing the sensitivity of different life stages for sexual disruption in roach (Rutilus rutilus) exposed to effluents from wastewater treatment works","volume":"113","author":"Liney","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2008.08.039","article-title":"Removal mechanisms for endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) in wastewater treatment\u2014Physical means, biodegradation, and chemical advanced oxidation: A review","volume":"407","author":"Liu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4697","DOI":"10.1021\/es010171j","article-title":"Removal of endocrine-disrupting chemicals in activated sludge treatment works","volume":"35","author":"Johnson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3407","DOI":"10.1021\/es0720661","article-title":"Reproductive disruption in fish downstream from an estrogenic wastewater effluent","volume":"42","author":"Vajda","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8897","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0609568104","article-title":"Collapse of a fish population after exposure to a synthetic estrogen","volume":"104","author":"Kidd","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3530","DOI":"10.1016\/S0043-1354(03)00239-2","article-title":"HPLC-fluorescence detection and adsorption of bisphenol A, 17\u03b2-estradiol, and 17\u03b1-ethynyl estradiol on powdered activated carbon","volume":"37","author":"Yoon","year":"2003","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1902","DOI":"10.1021\/es802797j","article-title":"Biodegradation of 17\u03b2-estradiol, estrone and testosterone in stream sediments","volume":"43","author":"Bradley","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1888","DOI":"10.1021\/es034952r","article-title":"Removal of Natural Hormones by Nanofiltration Membranes: Measurement, Modeling, and Mechanisms","volume":"38","author":"Nghiem","year":"2004","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29329","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-75781-8","article-title":"Efficient removal of estradiol using MnFe2O4 microsphere and potassium persulfate complex salt","volume":"14","author":"Yu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.2166\/wh.2021.031","article-title":"Degradation of 17\u03b2-estradiol by UV\/persulfate in different water samples","volume":"19","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Water Health"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.132261","article-title":"Degradation of steroid estrogens by UV\/peracetic acid: Influencing factors, free radical contribution and toxicity analysis","volume":"287","author":"Hu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1021\/acsestwater.2c00561","article-title":"Removal of Steroid Estrogens and Total Nitrogen by Denitrification Biofilter with UV\/Peracetic Acid Pretreatment: Performance, Microbial Characteristics, and Mechanism","volume":"3","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS ES&T Water"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jwpe.2024.106453","article-title":"Peracetic acid treatment for removing steroid hormones in a pilot-scale wastewater installation","volume":"68","author":"Dias","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Water Process Eng."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12016","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph121012016","article-title":"Simultaneous Degradation of Estrone, 17\u03b2-Estradiol and 17\u03b1-Ethinyl Estradiol in an Aqueous UV\/H2O2 System","volume":"12","author":"Ma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119570","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2023.119570","article-title":"Dark transformation from 17\u03b2-estradiol to estrone initiated by hydroxyl radical in dissolved organic matter","volume":"230","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2011.05.058","article-title":"Identification of new ozonation disinfection byproducts of 17\u03b2-estradiol and estrone in water","volume":"84","author":"Pereira","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2020.116479","article-title":"Peracetic acid-based advanced oxidation processes for decontamination and disinfection of water: A review","volume":"188","author":"Ao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10643389.2016.1272343","article-title":"Peracids in water treatment: A critical review","volume":"47","author":"Luukkonen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1021\/acsestwater.0c00029","article-title":"Reactivity of Peracetic Acid with Organic Compounds: A Critical Review","volume":"1","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS ES&T Water"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shi, C., Li, C., Wang, Y., Guo, J., Barry, S., Zhang, Y., and Marmier, N. (2022). Review of Advanced Oxidation Processes Based on Peracetic Acid for Organic Pollutants. Water, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/w14152309"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.148195","article-title":"Peracids\u2014New oxidants in advanced oxidation processes: The use of peracetic acid, peroxymonosulfate, and persulfate salts in the removal of organic micropollutants of emerging concern\u2014A review","volume":"790","author":"Kiejza","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102986","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jwpe.2022.102986","article-title":"Peracetic acid-based advanced oxidation processes for the degradation of emerging pollutants: A critical review","volume":"49","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Water Process Eng."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5268","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.0c00356","article-title":"Cobalt\/Peracetic Acid: Advanced Oxidation of Aromatic Organic Compounds by Acetylperoxyl Radicals","volume":"54","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.9b04528","article-title":"Application of Cobalt\/Peracetic Acid to Degrade Sulfamethoxazole at Neutral Condition: Efficiency and Mechanisms","volume":"54","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119422","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2020.119422","article-title":"Applying a novel advanced oxidation process of activated peracetic acid by CoFe2O4 to efficiently degrade sulfamethoxazole","volume":"280","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Catal. B Environ."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2021.120475","article-title":"Activation of peracetic acid with cobalt anchored on 2D sandwich-like MXenes (Co@MXenes) for organic contaminant degradation: High efficiency and contribution of acetylperoxyl radicals","volume":"297","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Catal. B Environ."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120722","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2021.120722","article-title":"High-valent cobalt-oxo species triggers hydroxyl radical for collaborative environmental decontamination","volume":"300","author":"Zong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Catal. B Environ."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10478","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.3c03370","article-title":"Non-Radical Activation of Peracetic Acid by Powdered Activated Carbon for the Degradation of Sulfamethoxazole","volume":"57","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, R., Lu, X., Gao, J., Chen, Y., and Pan, S. (2023). Activation of Peracetic Acid by CoFe2O4 for Efficient Degradation of Ofloxacin: Reactive Species and Mechanism. Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4582979"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, C., Zheng, L., Hong, Y., Chen, J., Gao, F., Zhang, Y., Zhou, X., and Yang, L. (2022). Activation of Peracetic Acid with CuFe2O4 for Rhodamine B Degradation: Activation by Cu and the Contribution of Acetylperoxyl Radicals. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27196385"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118113","article-title":"Hydrogen atom abstraction mechanism for organic compound oxidation by acetylperoxyl radical in Co(II)\/peracetic acid activation system","volume":"212","author":"Du","year":"2022","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107783","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2022.107783","article-title":"Efficient degradation of sulfamethoxazole using peracetic acid activated by zero-valent cobalt","volume":"10","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10643380500326564","article-title":"Advanced Oxidation Processes for Organic Contaminant Destruction Based on the Fenton Reaction and Related Chemistry","volume":"36","author":"Pignatello","year":"2006","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2020.126158","article-title":"Reactive species in advanced oxidation processes: Formation, identification and reaction mechanism","volume":"401","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6659","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1819382116","article-title":"Singlet oxygen mediated iron-based Fenton-like catalysis under nanoconfinement","volume":"116","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15667","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.3c05509","article-title":"Coupled Surface-Confinement Effect and Pore Engineering in a Single-Fe-Atom Catalyst for Ultrafast Fenton-like Reaction with High-Valent Iron-Oxo Complex Oxidation","volume":"57","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144861","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2023.144861","article-title":"Confinement boosted heterogeneous advanced oxidation processes","volume":"472","author":"Dai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2881","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-38677-1","article-title":"Water decontamination via nonradical process by nanoconfined Fenton-like catalysts","volume":"14","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14095","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.61.14095","article-title":"Interpretation of Raman spectra of disordered and amorphous carbon","volume":"61","author":"Ferrari","year":"2000","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physrep.2004.10.006","article-title":"Raman spectroscopy of carbon nanotubes","volume":"409","author":"Dresselhaus","year":"2005","journal-title":"Phys. Rep."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9394","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.3c01553","article-title":"Do We Appropriately Detect and Understand Singlet Oxygen Possibly Generated in Advanced Oxidation Processes by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy?","volume":"57","author":"Zong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117313","article-title":"Insights into the oxidation of organic contaminants by Co(II) activated peracetic acid: The overlooked role of high-valent cobalt-oxo species","volume":"201","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2305706120","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2305706120","article-title":"Unveiling singlet oxygen spin trapping in catalytic oxidation processes using in situ kinetic EPR analysis","volume":"120","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2008.05.073","article-title":"Titanium dioxide mediated photocatalytic degradation of 17\u03b2-estradiol in aqueous solution","volume":"73","author":"Mai","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.1021\/tx050060o","article-title":"Tyrosinase-Catalyzed Oxidation of 17\u03b2-Estradiol: Structure Elucidation of the Products Formed beyond Catechol Estrogen Quinones","volume":"18","author":"Pezzella","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chem. Res. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2016.04.021","article-title":"Transformation of 17\u03b2-estradiol in humic acid solution by \u03b5-MnO2 nanorods as probed by high-resolution mass spectrometry combined with 13C labeling","volume":"214","author":"Sun","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/31\/17\/2946\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T09:21:34Z","timestamp":1787563294000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/31\/17\/2946"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,22]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules31172946"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules31172946","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,22]]}}}