{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T10:32:17Z","timestamp":1787567537499,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":117,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787443200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32270276"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32270276"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32370277"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32370277"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["32270276"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32270276"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["32370277"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32370277"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Base and Talent Foundation of Science and Technology Department of Xizang Autonomous Region","award":["XZ202501JD0026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XZ202501JD0026"]}]},{"name":"Talent-Introduction Project of Southwest University","award":["SWU-KR25024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SWU-KR25024"]}]},{"award":["SWU-KR25024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SWU-KR25024"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01kj4z117","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"College Students\u2019 Innovative Entrepreneurial Training Plan Program","award":["S202510635383"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S202510635383"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tropane alkaloids (TA) constitute a class of plant specialized metabolites with important pharmaceutical applications, including the anticholinergic agents hyoscyamine and scopolamine and the local anesthetic cocaine. Over the past decade, advances in genomics, structural biology, and synthetic biology have substantially revised our understanding of TA biosynthesis, leading to the identification of numerous key biosynthetic enzymes and evolutionary mechanisms. This review comprehensively summarizes current knowledge of TA biosynthesis from precursor formation to structurally diverse end products. We describe the pathway from putrescine to tropinone, the stereoselective metabolic branching mediated by Tropinone Reductases, and the downstream biosynthesis of medicinal tropane alkaloids, calystegines, and cocaine. Particular emphasis is placed on recent discoveries concerning catalytic mechanisms, structural determinants of substrate specificity, metabolic compartmentalization, and the convergent evolution of TA biosynthesis in Solanaceae and Erythroxylaceae. We further integrate advances in genomics, evolutionary biology, and metabolic engineering to highlight emerging strategies for microbial production and pathway redesign. By providing a comprehensive synthesis of recent progress and critical perspectives on unresolved questions, this review offers an updated framework for understanding TA biosynthesis and supports future research in plant specialized metabolism, synthetic biology, and natural product engineering.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31172951","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T09:20:02Z","timestamp":1787563202000},"page":"2951","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Comprehensive Review on the Biosynthesis of Tropane Alkaloids"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Shiyu","family":"Wan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (Chongqing) Science City, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yafei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (Chongqing) Science City, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shengyu","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (Chongqing) Science City, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1283-4649","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhihua","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (Chongqing) Science City, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5040-8018","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fei","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (Chongqing) Science City, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109828","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2025.109828","article-title":"Manipulation of Artificial Light Environment Improves Tropane Alkaloids Content in Atropa belladonna L","volume":"223","author":"Gu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Plant Physiol. 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