{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T12:21:51Z","timestamp":1787746911601,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787702400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Romania"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/031d5vw30","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Diabetes mellitus results from insulin resistance, progressive pancreatic \u03b2-cell dysfunction, dysregulated hepatic and adipose metabolism, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Plant-derived compounds can modulate several of these processes, yet pharmacological breadth does not necessarily produce a reproducible therapy. This critical narrative review links phytochemical identity and product composition to intestinal carbohydrate digestion, insulin secretion, hepatic glucose production, GLUT4 trafficking, AMPK and PPAR\u03b3 signaling, the incretin\u2013DPP-4 axis, renal glucose handling, and diabetic organ injury. Alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolic acids, tannins, saponins, and polysaccharides are considered alongside evidence concerning nephropathy, neuropathy, ocular disease, hepatopathy, and cardiomyopathy. Controlled human studies provide product-specific signals, particularly for chemically defined berberine preparations and mulberry alkaloids, whereas most other interventions remain supported by small, short, or chemically undercharacterized trials. The strongest candidates are those for which defined chemistry, plausible exposure, mechanism, and controlled clinical findings converge. Progress requires authenticated raw material, validated analytical fingerprints, pharmacokinetic and toxicological characterization, herb\u2013drug interaction testing, and trials using the same standardized product. These interventions should remain supervised adjuncts or drug-discovery leads rather than substitutes for established diabetes treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31172986","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T11:53:42Z","timestamp":1787745222000},"page":"2986","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["From Plant Chemistry to Reproducible Antidiabetic Products: A Critical Review of Molecular Targets, Clinical Evidence, and Translational Gaps"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Pirscoveanu Denisa","family":"Floriana Vasilica","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana-Maria","family":"Trasca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adina Maria","family":"Kamal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renata Maria","family":"Varut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Methodology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"C\u00eer\u021b\u00een\u0103","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medical and Behavioral Sciences, Constantin Br\u00e2ncu\u0219i University of T\u00e2rgu Jiu, 210185 Targu Jiu, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Romeo","family":"Popa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pluta Ion","family":"Dorin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medical and Behavioral Sciences, Constantin Br\u00e2ncu\u0219i University of T\u00e2rgu Jiu, 210185 Targu Jiu, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D\u00eernu","family":"Rodica","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medical and Behavioral Sciences, Constantin Br\u00e2ncu\u0219i University of T\u00e2rgu Jiu, 210185 Targu Jiu, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Stoica","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Intensive Care and Anesthesia, Emergency County Hospital, 200642 Craiova, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Coanc\u0103-Staicu Cristina","family":"Teodora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Methodology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George-Alin","family":"Stoica","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Phytotherapy in the management of diabetes mellitus","volume":"2","author":"Akah","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Nat. Remedies"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"1790","article-title":"Native herbal folklore to control diabetes mellitus around the globe: A review","volume":"16","author":"Nouroz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am.-Eurasian J. Agric. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/S2221-6189(13)60126-2","article-title":"A review: Anti diabetic medicinal plants used for diabetes mellitus","volume":"2","author":"Arumugam","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Acute Dis."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"1270","article-title":"Medicinal plants and diabetes mellitus: A review","volume":"6","author":"Karthikeyan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pharmacogn. Phytochem."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"2776","article-title":"Mode of action of medicinal plants on diabetic disorders","volume":"9","author":"Kashani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Life Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/S2221-1691(12)60032-X","article-title":"An overview on antidiabetic medicinal plants having insulin mimetic property","volume":"2","author":"Patel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1590\/S1984-82502015000100001","article-title":"Pancreatic beta cell protection\/regeneration with phytotherapy","volume":"51","author":"Hosseini","year":"2015","journal-title":"Braz. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272968","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/272968","article-title":"Mechanisms of Action of Indigenous Antidiabetic Plants from the Boreal Forest of Northeastern Canada","volume":"2014","author":"Eid","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893426","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/893426","article-title":"Comprehensive Evidence-Based Assessment and Prioritization of Potential Antidiabetic Medicinal Plants: A Case Study from Canadian Eastern James Bay Cree Traditional Medicine","volume":"2012","author":"Haddad","year":"2012","journal-title":"Evid.-Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"224","article-title":"Review on medicinal herbs used for diabetes","volume":"10","author":"Narhe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. Clin. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1007\/s11655-011-0810-3","article-title":"Mechanism of action of natural products used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus","volume":"17","author":"Prabhakar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chin. J. Integr. Med."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"167","article-title":"Evaluation of the effects and mechanisms of bioactive components present in hypoglycemic plants","volume":"1","author":"Mendes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Chem. Biomol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-8741(90)90031-N","article-title":"Effect of aloes on blood glucose levels in normal and alloxan diabetic mice","volume":"28","author":"Ajabnoor","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-8741(95)01279-M","article-title":"Antihyperglycemic effect of some edible plants","volume":"48","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"49","article-title":"Antidiabetic and hypolipidaemic effects of S-methyl cysteine sulfoxide isolated from Allium cepa Lin","volume":"32","author":"Kumari","year":"1995","journal-title":"Indian J. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"322","article-title":"Clinical investigation of the hypoglycemic effect of Azadirachta indica seeds in type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"19","author":"Waheed","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pak. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2008.12.056","article-title":"Protective effect of berberine on beta cells in streptozotocin- and high-carbohydrate\/high-fat diet-induced diabetic rats","volume":"606","author":"Zhou","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-0407.2010.00091.x","article-title":"Effects of Nigella sativa and thymoquinone on biochemical and subcellular changes in pancreatic \u03b2-cells of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats","volume":"2","author":"Abdelmeguid","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.4067\/S0717-95022010000100043","article-title":"Chronic Treatment with Ethanolic Extract of the Leavesof Azadirachta indica Ameliorates Lesions of Pancreatic Islets in Streptozotocin Diabetes","volume":"28","author":"Akinola","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Morphol."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"1","article-title":"An overview of Indian novel traditional medicinal plants with anti-diabetic potentials","volume":"5","author":"Gupta","year":"2008","journal-title":"Afr. J. Tradit. Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1186\/s12986-015-0057-7","article-title":"Antidiabetic properties of dietary flavonoids: A cellular mechanism review","volume":"12","author":"Vinayagam","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1177\/2042018818755019","article-title":"Antidiabetic phytoconstituents and their mode of action on metabolic pathways","volume":"9","author":"Bharti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-8741(00)00219-1","article-title":"Hepatoprotective activity of Emblica officinalis and Chyavanaprash","volume":"72","author":"Jose","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.4103\/0253-7613.55206","article-title":"Hepatoprotective activity of petroleum ether, diethyl ether, and methanol extract of Scoparia dulcis L. against CCl4-induced acute liver injury in mice","volume":"41","author":"Praveen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Indian J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2006.11.028","article-title":"Antidiabetic effects of Cichorium intybus in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats","volume":"111","author":"Pushparaj","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2022","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2009.05.022","article-title":"Protective effect of Cichorium glandulosum root extract on carbon tetrachloride-induced and galactosamine-induced hepatotoxicity in mice","volume":"47","author":"Upur","year":"2009","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"387","article-title":"Effect of Cichorium endivia leaves on some biochemical parameters in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats","volume":"5","author":"Kamel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Aust. J. Basic Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1594","DOI":"10.1021\/np500150f","article-title":"Bioactive diterpenoids and flavonoids from the aerial parts of Scoparia dulcis","volume":"77","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2015.07.012","article-title":"Berberine induces GLP-1 secretion through activation of bitter taste receptor pathways","volume":"97","author":"Yu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10909","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.28467","article-title":"Natural compounds with DPP-4 inhibitory effects: Implications for the treatment of diabetes","volume":"120","author":"Yaribeygi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"85","article-title":"Mechanisms of action of bioactive antidiabetic principles from medicinal-plant phytochemicals: A review","volume":"9","author":"Aba","year":"2018","journal-title":"Indian J. Nat. Prod. Resour."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5015","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-18414-8","article-title":"Gut microbiome-related effects of berberine and probiotics on type 2 diabetes (the PREMOTE study)","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2462185","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.62185","article-title":"Berberine Ursodeoxycholate for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"8","author":"Ji","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moon, J.M., Ratliff, K.M., Hagele, A.M., Stecker, R.A., Mumford, P.W., and Kerksick, C.M. (2021). Absorption Kinetics of Berberine and Dihydroberberine and Their Impact on Glycemia: A Randomized, Controlled, Crossover Pilot Trial. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14010124"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1007\/s11655-021-2885-9","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety of Mulberry Twig Alkaloids Tablet for Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Multicenter Clinical Study","volume":"28","author":"Qu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chin. J. Integr. Med."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1832","DOI":"10.19082\/1832","article-title":"The role of medicinal plants in the treatment of diabetes: A systematic review","volume":"8","author":"Kooti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Electron. Physician"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.20959\/wjpr20177-8869","article-title":"A Review on Phytochemical, Pharmacological and Potential Therapeutic Uses of Phyllanthus emblica","volume":"6","author":"Mandal","year":"2017","journal-title":"World J. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2016.06.013","article-title":"Emblica officinalis (Amla): A review for its phytochemistry, ethnomedicinal uses and medicinal potentials with respect to molecular mechanisms","volume":"111","author":"Variya","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"1865","article-title":"Fisetin inhibits ultraviolet-radiation-induced oxidative stress and activation of NF-\u03baB and MAPK signalling in human lens epithelial cells","volume":"14","author":"Yao","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Vis."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-026-03963-3","article-title":"Curcuma longa improves endothelial glycocalyx integrity and redox-inflammatory pathways in type 2 diabetes mellitus: A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study","volume":"65","author":"Viudes","year":"2026","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gupta, R.S., Grover, A.S., Kumar, P., Goel, A., Banik, S.P., Chakraborty, S., Rungta, M., Bagchi, M., Pal, P., and Bagchi, D. (2024). A randomized double blind placebo controlled trial to assess the safety and efficacy of a patented fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) seed extract in Type 2 diabetics. Food Nutr. Res., 68.","DOI":"10.29219\/fnr.v68.10667"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D1516","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkae1059","article-title":"PubChem 2025 update","volume":"53","author":"Kim","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oh, Y. (2016). Bioactive Compounds and Their Neuroprotective Effects in Diabetic Complications. Nutrients, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu8080472"},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"1291","article-title":"Emblica officinalis and its enriched tannoids delay streptozotocin-induced diabetic cataract in rats","volume":"13","author":"Suryanarayana","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol. Vis."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(02)00843-2","article-title":"Quercetin metabolism in the lens: Role in inhibition of hydrogen peroxide induced cataract","volume":"33","author":"Cornish","year":"2002","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.4103\/0253-7613.169579","article-title":"An evaluation of the protective role of Ficus racemosa Linn. in streptozotocin-induced diabetic neuropathy with neurodegeneration","volume":"47","author":"Solanki","year":"2015","journal-title":"Indian J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"1383","article-title":"Effects of berberine on the pancreatic beta cell apoptosis in rats with insulin resistance","volume":"31","author":"Wu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chin. J. Integr. Tradit. West. Med."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2011.05.006","article-title":"Hypoglycemic activity of alkaloidal fraction of Tinospora cordifolia","volume":"18","author":"Patel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2012.11.006","article-title":"Anti-diabetic property of Tinospora cordifolia and its active compound is mediated through the expression of Glut-4 in L6 myotubes","volume":"20","author":"Sangeetha","year":"2013","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1016\/S2221-1691(11)60102-0","article-title":"Hypoglycaemic effect of Berberis vulgaris L. in normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats","volume":"1","author":"Meliani","year":"2011","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2018.02.017","article-title":"Ellagic acid attenuates arsenic induced neuro-inflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction associated apoptosis","volume":"5","author":"Firdaus","year":"2018","journal-title":"Toxicol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2007.10.016","article-title":"Prevention of selenite-induced cataractogenesis in Wistar rats by the polyphenol, ellagic acid","volume":"86","author":"Sakthivel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2012.05.057","article-title":"Prevention and management of diabetic retinopathy in STZ diabetic rats by Tinospora cordifolia and its molecular mechanisms","volume":"50","author":"Agrawal","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.4103\/0253-7613.100380","article-title":"Effect of Tinospora cordifolia on experimental diabetic neuropathy","volume":"44","author":"Nadig","year":"2012","journal-title":"Indian J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"13","article-title":"Hypoglycemic and antioxidant activity of Tinospora cordifolia: A review","volume":"5","author":"Jasuja","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. Res. Dev."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2092","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.04-1304","article-title":"Curcumin and Turmeric Delay Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Cataract in Rats","volume":"46","author":"Suryanarayana","year":"2005","journal-title":"Investig. Opthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.3349\/ymj.2016.57.3.664","article-title":"Protective effects of curcumin on renal oxidative stress and lipid metabolism in a rat model of type 2 diabetic nephropathy","volume":"57","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Yonsei Med. J."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2016.2460","article-title":"Baicalein protects C6 glial cells against hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis through regulation of the Nrf2 signaling pathway","volume":"37","author":"Choi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2008.11.012","article-title":"Improved absorption and bioactivity of active compounds from an anti-diabetic extract of Artemisia dracunculus L","volume":"370","author":"Ribnicky","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2005.09.007","article-title":"Antihyperglycemic activity of Tarralin\u2122, an ethanolic extract of Artemisia dracunculus L","volume":"13","author":"Ribnicky","year":"2006","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2017.12.009","article-title":"Limonoids from seeds of Azadirachta indica A. Juss. and their cytotoxic activity","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Pharm. Sin. B"},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"163","article-title":"Antidiabetic medicinal plants used for diabetes mellitus: A review","volume":"4","author":"Rahimi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bull. Environ. Pharmacol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"97","article-title":"Plants used in the management of diabetic complications","volume":"76","author":"Dodda","year":"2014","journal-title":"Indian J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"478","article-title":"Effect of aqueous Pterocarpus marsupium wood extract in alloxan-induced diabetic rats","volume":"60","author":"Mukhtar","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pharmazie"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02624640","article-title":"Insulin like activity in (\u2212) epicatechin","volume":"26","author":"Ahmad","year":"1989","journal-title":"Acta Diabetol. Lat."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"65","article-title":"Protective effects of Piper nigrum and Vinca rosea in alloxan-induced diabetic rats","volume":"49","author":"Kaleem","year":"2005","journal-title":"Indian J. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2010.536951","article-title":"Aldose reductase inhibitory, anti-cataract and antioxidant potential of selected medicinal plants from the Marathwada region, India","volume":"25","author":"Gacche","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-8741(03)00052-7","article-title":"Lens aldose reductase inhibiting potential of some indigenous plants","volume":"86","author":"Halder","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1605","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.33.1605","article-title":"Inhibition of Aldose Reductase and Xylose-Induced Lens Opacity by Puerariafuran from the Roots of Pueraria lobata","volume":"33","author":"Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biol. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2598","DOI":"10.2337\/db06-1176","article-title":"High-fat diet-induced neuropathy of pre-diabetes and obesity: Effects of \u201chealthy\u201d diet and aldose reductase inhibition","volume":"56","author":"Obrosova","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.01-0603fje","article-title":"An aldose reductase inhibitor reverses early diabetes-induced changes in peripheral nerve function, metabolism, and antioxidative defense","volume":"16","author":"Obrosova","year":"2002","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1681.2004.03982.x","article-title":"Quercetin, an antioxidant bioflavonoid, attenuates diabetic nephropathy in rats","volume":"31","author":"Anjaneyulu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2017.04.006","article-title":"Naringin ameliorates diabetic nephropathy by inhibiting NADPH oxidase 4","volume":"804","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-8741(99)00094-X","article-title":"Possible mechanism of antihyperglycemic effect of Azadirachta indica leaf extract: Part V","volume":"67","author":"Chattopadhyay","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"2","article-title":"Ferric-reducing, antiradical, and cytotoxic activities of Tinospora cordifolia stem extracts","volume":"3","author":"Sharma","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochem. Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_76","first-page":"58","article-title":"Effect of Silybum marianum seed extract on galactose-induced cataract formation in rats","volume":"3","author":"Huseini","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Med. Plants"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2009.02.006","article-title":"Chemopreventive and remediation effect of Hydrocotyl bonariensis Comm. Ex Lam (Apiaceae) leave extract in galactose-induced cataract","volume":"123","author":"Ajani","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2005.03.020","article-title":"Water extract of Aralia elata prevents cataractogenesis in vitro and in vivo","volume":"101","author":"Chung","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_79","first-page":"685","article-title":"Anticataract action of topical quercetin and myricetin in galactosemic rats","volume":"6","author":"Mohan","year":"1988","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Res."},{"key":"ref_80","first-page":"320","article-title":"Protective effects of puerarin on lens epithelial cells in rat diabetic cataract","volume":"47","author":"Hao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Zhonghua Yan Ke Za Zhi"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8243215","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/8243215","article-title":"Antidiabetic Properties, Bioactive Constituents, and Other Therapeutic Effects of Scoparia dulcis","volume":"2016","author":"Pamunuwa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Evid.-Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1528","DOI":"10.1080\/14786410902726126","article-title":"Antidiabetic effects of scoparic acid D isolated from Scoparia dulcis in rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes","volume":"23","author":"Latha","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_83","first-page":"366","article-title":"Effect of Gongronema latifolium crude leaf extract on cardiac enzymes in alloxan-induced diabetic rats","volume":"3","author":"Edet","year":"2009","journal-title":"Afr. J. Biochem. Res."},{"key":"ref_84","first-page":"113","article-title":"Antidiabetic potential of medicinal plants","volume":"67","author":"Malviya","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Pol. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_85","first-page":"174","article-title":"Effect of Azadirachta indica on hepatic glycogen in rats","volume":"25","author":"Chattopadhyay","year":"2000","journal-title":"Indian J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.4103\/IJPHA_1999312_138","article-title":"Investigations into the Anti-Diabetic Activity of Azadirachta indica","volume":"31","author":"Bajaj","year":"1999","journal-title":"Indian J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2011.08.002","article-title":"Magnoflorine from Tinospora cordifolia stem inhibits \u03b1-glucosidase and is antiglycemic in rats","volume":"4","author":"Patel","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1021\/np50097a001","article-title":"Antihyperlipidemic Effect of Flavonoids from Pterocarpus marsupium","volume":"56","author":"Jahromi","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4763","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.7108","article-title":"Herb-drug interactions in diabetes mellitus: A review based on pre-clinical and clinical data","volume":"35","author":"Thikekar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113984","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2021.113984","article-title":"New trends in the use of medicinal plants by Algerian diabetic patients, considerations of herb-drug interactions","volume":"274","author":"Chelghoum","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101949","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctcp.2025.101949","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of olive leaf extract (Olea europaea L.) for glycaemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (ESOLED): A pilot randomised controlled trial","volume":"59","author":"Leach","year":"2025","journal-title":"Complement. Ther. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_92","unstructured":"Atik, M., Shahid, M., Naaz, I., Fatima, S., Quamri, M.A., and Radhika, K. (2026). Efficacy of Celosia argentea Linn. seeds in management of type 2 diabetes mellitus: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Altern. Ther. Health Med., AT11672."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4401","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S274378","article-title":"Evaluation of the Effect of an Aqueous Extract of Azadirachta indica (Neem) Leaves and Twigs on Glycemic Control, Endothelial Dysfunction and Systemic Inflammation in Subjects with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus\u2014A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Study","volume":"13","author":"Pingali","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Obes. Targets Ther."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102524","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctim.2020.102524","article-title":"Hypoglycemic efficacy and safety of Momordica charantia (bitter melon) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"52","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Complement. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.34172\/jcvtr.33231","article-title":"The effect of Fenugreek seed dry extract supplement on glycemic indices, lipid profile, and prooxidant-antioxidant balance in patients with type 2 diabetes: A double-blind randomized clinical trial","volume":"16","author":"Chehregosha","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Thorac. Res."},{"key":"ref_96","first-page":"266","article-title":"Efficacy of Cinnamon as an Adjuvant in Reducing the Glycemic Biomarkers of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Three-Month, Randomized, Triple-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial","volume":"41","author":"Damasceno","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Am. Nutr. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2706","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.6707","article-title":"Effect of Nigella sativa oil supplement on risk factors for cardiovascular diseases in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"34","author":"Kooshki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2020.153431","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of a herbal drug of Coccinia grandis (Linn.) Voigt in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A double blind randomized placebo controlled clinical trial","volume":"81","author":"Wasana","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nani, A., Bertuzzi, F., Meneghini, E., Mion, E., and Pintaudi, B. (2023). Combined Inositols, \u03b1-Lactalbumin, Gymnema Sylvestre and Zinc Improve the Lipid Metabolic Profile of Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Randomized Clinical Trial. J. Clin. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12247650"}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/31\/17\/2986\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T11:53:57Z","timestamp":1787745237000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/31\/17\/2986"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]},"references-count":99,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules31172986"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules31172986","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]}}}