{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T17:24:21Z","timestamp":1787765061355,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787702400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Zhuang and Yao Ethnic Medicine","award":["LT2600640036"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LT2600640036"]}]},{"name":"University Engineering Research Center of Development and Industrialization of Zhuang and Yao Ethnic Medicinal Materials, Guangxi","award":["[2024] No.10"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["[2024] No.10"]}]},{"name":"Research Center of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Medicine Resources and application engineering","award":["[2020] No. 2605"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["[2020] No. 2605"]}]},{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhuang and Yao Ethnic Medicine","award":["[2013] No. 20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["[2013] No. 20"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004924","name":"Guangxi Key Discipline of Traditional Chinese Medicine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GZXK-Z-20-64"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GZXK-Z-20-64"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004924","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Guangxi First-Class Discipline: Chinese Medicine","award":["[2018] No.12"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["[2018] No.12"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Glucose and lipid metabolism disorders are closely associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), obesity, hyperlipidemia, and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). Gynura divaricata (L.) DC., traditionally consumed as both a food and folk medicine, has attracted increasing attention for its potential regulatory effects on glucose and lipid metabolism. Existing in vitro and in vivo studies suggest that G. divaricata extracts and candidate bioactive constituents, including flavonoids, polysaccharides, phenolic acids, and peptides, may improve metabolic phenotypes such as hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance. These effects may involve the regulation of intestinal carbohydrate hydrolysis, insulin signaling, gut microbial homeostasis, pancreatic \u03b2-cell function, lipid metabolism, oxidative stress, and chronic inflammation. However, human evidence remains limited, and most studies have investigated compound formulations or combined interventions, which are insufficient to establish the clinical efficacy of G. divaricata as a standalone preparation. This review summarizes the major bioactive constituents of G. divaricata, reviews the current evidence for its glucose-lowering and lipid-regulating effects and related antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms, and discusses the limitations of existing research. This study aimed to provide a reference for elucidating the mechanisms by which G. divaricata regulates glucose and lipid metabolism and for its future clinical translation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31172993","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T16:54:42Z","timestamp":1787763282000},"page":"2993","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Gynura divaricata in the Modulation of Glucose and Lipid Metabolic Disorders: Research Advances and Translational Challenges"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Dudong","family":"Wei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Zhuang and Yao Ethnic Medicine, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China"},{"name":"University Engineering Research Center of Development and Industrialization of Zhuang and Yao Ethnic Medicinal Materials, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Long","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Zhuang and Yao Ethnic Medicine, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China"},{"name":"University Engineering Research Center of Development and Industrialization of Zhuang and Yao Ethnic Medicinal Materials, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China"},{"name":"Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology Group, University of Vigo, 32004 Ourense, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fengfeng","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Zhuang and Yao Ethnic Medicine, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China"},{"name":"University Engineering Research Center of Development and Industrialization of Zhuang and Yao Ethnic Medicinal Materials, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiahao","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Zhuang and Yao Ethnic Medicine, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China"},{"name":"University Engineering Research Center of Development and Industrialization of Zhuang and Yao Ethnic Medicinal Materials, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiuqi","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Zhuang and Yao Ethnic Medicine, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China"},{"name":"University Engineering Research Center of Development and Industrialization of Zhuang and Yao Ethnic Medicinal Materials, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chennuo","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Zhuang and Yao Ethnic Medicine, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China"},{"name":"University Engineering Research Center of Development and Industrialization of Zhuang and Yao Ethnic Medicinal Materials, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zujun","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Zhuang and Yao Ethnic Medicine, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China"},{"name":"University Engineering Research Center of Development and Industrialization of Zhuang and Yao Ethnic Medicinal Materials, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Zhuang and Yao Ethnic Medicine, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China"},{"name":"University Engineering Research Center of Development and Industrialization of Zhuang and Yao Ethnic Medicinal Materials, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liba","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Zhuang and Yao Ethnic Medicine, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China"},{"name":"University Engineering Research Center of Development and Industrialization of Zhuang and Yao Ethnic Medicinal Materials, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hua","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Zhuang and Yao Ethnic Medicine, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China"},{"name":"University Engineering Research Center of Development and Industrialization of Zhuang and Yao Ethnic Medicinal Materials, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2626","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-024-06253-x","article-title":"Novel secreted regulators of glucose and lipid metabolism in the development of metabolic diseases","volume":"67","author":"Wat","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-01951-9","article-title":"Type 2 diabetes mellitus in adults: Pathogenesis, prevention and therapy","volume":"9","author":"Lu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-024-00563-5","article-title":"Metabolic syndrome","volume":"10","author":"Neeland","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ullah, H., Dacrema, M., Buccato, D.G., Fayed, M.A.A., De Lellis, L.F., Morone, M.V., Di Minno, A., Baldi, A., and Daglia, M. (2025). A narrative review on plant extracts for metabolic syndrome: Efficacy, safety, and technological advances. Nutrients, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17050877"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdulghani, M.F., and Al-Fayyadh, S.A. (2024). Natural products for managing metabolic syndrome: A scoping review. Front. Pharmacol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1366946"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1186\/s12986-024-00829-5","article-title":"Mechanisms of regulation of glycolipid metabolism by natural compounds in plants: Effects on short-chain fatty acids","volume":"21","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"195","article-title":"Research progress on chemical constituents and pharmacological activities of plants of the genus Gynura","volume":"24","author":"Yao","year":"2016","journal-title":"North. Hortic."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1600221","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.201600221","article-title":"Detection and toxicity evaluation of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in medicinal plants Gynura bicolor and Gynura divaricata collected from different Chinese locations","volume":"14","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem. Biodivers."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"31","article-title":"Content analysis and risk assessment of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in Gynura divaricata","volume":"38","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Northwest Pharm. J."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"6687","article-title":"Research progress on chemical constituents of Gynura divaricata and mass spectrometric fragmentation characteristics of representative constituents","volume":"52","author":"Ye","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chin. Tradit. Herb. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"1442","article-title":"Drying methods and harvest time of Gynura divaricata leaves based on major active constituents","volume":"33","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"China Pharm."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-1296.80666","article-title":"Isolation and identification of phenolic compounds from Gynura divaricata leaves","volume":"7","author":"Wan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pharmacogn. Mag."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cen, C., Li, J., Zhou, P., Fisher, D., Hien, N.T.T., Musabaev, E., Pronyuk, K., and Zhao, L. (2025). The effects of cynaroside on lipid metabolism and lipid-related diseases: A mechanistic overview. Front. Pharmacol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1648614"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"1727","article-title":"Analysis of the main active constituents of Gynura divaricata from different introduction sites and their responses to ecological factors","volume":"38","author":"Ren","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Bot. Boreal.-Occid. Sin."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"75","article-title":"Changes in phenolic constituents in Gynura divaricata leaves collected in different months","volume":"30","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Plant Resour. Environ."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"157","article-title":"Seasonal variation in total flavonoids of Gynura divaricata","volume":"14","author":"Qin","year":"2011","journal-title":"China Pharm."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"933","article-title":"Extraction of flavonoids from Gynura divaricata and evaluation of antioxidant activity","volume":"35","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Jiangsu J. Agric. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-1296.75900","article-title":"Antioxidant activity and free radical-scavenging capacity of Gynura divaricata leaf extracts at different temperatures","volume":"7","author":"Wan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pharmacogn. Mag."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"58","article-title":"Isolation and purification of polysaccharides from Gynura divaricata","volume":"32","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shang, X., Wang, J., Zhang, H., Hu, G., Han, Y., Sun, Y., Zhou, X., Kong, X., Shao, T., and Wang, G. (2026). Optimised Gynura divaricata polysaccharide extract ameliorated type 2 diabetes in mice by activating the PI3K\/Akt\/GLUT-4 signalling pathway. Nat. Prod. Res., 1\u20137.","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2026.2619418"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"1497","article-title":"Isolation, purification and preliminary analysis of polysaccharides from Gynura divaricata","volume":"40","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"China J. Chin. Mater. Medica"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02939","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.202502939","article-title":"Preparation and physicochemical properties of Gynura divaricata (L.) DC polysaccharides and their regulating activities on human gut microbiota","volume":"23","author":"Yu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Chem. Biodivers."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"115","article-title":"Structural characterization and \u03b1-glucosidase inhibitory activity of polysaccharides from Gynura divaricata","volume":"34","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138928","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.138928","article-title":"Isolation, purification, structural characterization, and antitumor activity of Gynura divaricata polysaccharides","volume":"290","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"115","article-title":"Hypoglycemic effects of acidic polysaccharides from Gynura divaricata leaves and their effects on related indices","volume":"24","author":"Hao","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Plant Resour. Environ."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"66","article-title":"Extraction, isolation and antioxidant activity of ethanol-fractionated polysaccharides from Gynura divaricata","volume":"39","author":"Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mod. Chin. Med. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, M., Zhang, Z., Xie, J., Yu, J., Xiong, S., Xiang, F., Ma, X., Yang, C., and Lin, L. (2024). Research progress on the mechanism for improving glucose and lipid metabolism disorders using phenolic acid components from medicinal and edible homologous plants. Molecules, 29.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29204790"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shen, Z., Xu, J., Wen, L., Yin, L., Cao, X., Pei, H., and Zhao, X. (2025). Bioassay-Guide Preparative Separation of Hypoglycemic Components from Gynura divaricata (L.) DC by Conventional and pH-Zone Refining Countercurrent Chromatography. Foods, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods14040578"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"524","article-title":"Chemical constituents of the ethyl acetate fraction of Gynura divaricata","volume":"44","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chin. Tradit. Herb. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1186\/s12986-018-0310-y","article-title":"Gynura divaricata rich in 3,5-\/4,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid and chlorogenic acid reduces islet cell apoptosis and improves pancreatic function in type 2 diabetic mice","volume":"15","author":"Yin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.201400134","article-title":"Profiling and elucidation of the phenolic compounds in the aerial parts of Gynura bicolor and G. divaricata collected from different Chinese origins","volume":"12","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. Biodivers."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"PF6","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0032-1320552","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of the chemical constituents from Gynura bicolor and G. divaricata","volume":"78","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Planta Med."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2014.08.015","article-title":"Caffeoylquinic acid derivatives isolated from the aerial parts of Gynura divaricata and their yeast \u03b1-glucosidase and PTP1B inhibitory activity","volume":"99","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157876","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.157876","article-title":"Oligopeptides from Gynura divaricata improve glycemic control via inhibition of gluconeogenesis and gut\u2013brain axis regulation","volume":"153","author":"Zhang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115203","article-title":"Chemical characterization and DPP-IV inhibitory activity evaluation of tripeptides from Gynura divaricata (L.) DC","volume":"292","author":"Ye","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"149","article-title":"Experimental study on inhibition of DPP-4 and \u03b1-glucosidase activity by aqueous extract of Mingyuecao","volume":"33","author":"Xu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hunan J. Tradit. Chin. Med."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"134","article-title":"Ultrasonic extraction process and \u03b1-glucosidase inhibitory activity of total flavonoids from Gynura divaricata","volume":"33","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9893","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.4c00626","article-title":"Hypoglycemic effects of Gynura divaricata (L.) DC. polysaccharide and action mechanisms via modulation of gut microbiota in diabetic mice","volume":"72","author":"Zhu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114511001693","article-title":"Polysaccharide from Gynura divaricata modulates the activities of intestinal disaccharidases in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats","volume":"106","author":"Deng","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"281","article-title":"Effects of aqueous extract of Gynura divaricata on key enzyme activities in insulin-resistant HepG2 cells","volume":"32","author":"Wei","year":"2013","journal-title":"Her. Med."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"1395","article-title":"Experimental study on the ameliorative effect of Gynura divaricata on insulin resistance in HepG2 cells","volume":"22","author":"Wei","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lishizhen Med. Mater. Medica Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29652","DOI":"10.3402\/fnr.v59.29652","article-title":"Hypoglycemic activities of lyophilized powder of Gynura divaricata by improving antioxidant potential and insulin signaling in type 2 diabetic mice","volume":"59","author":"Xu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"1074","article-title":"Hypoglycemic and antihypoxic effects of polysaccharides and flavonoids from Gynura divaricata","volume":"29","author":"Jiang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chin. J. Hosp. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Li, J. (2022). Mechanism of Gynura divaricata Polysaccharides in the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Based on Gut Microbiota-GLP-1. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Hunan Normal University]. (In Chinese)."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"418","article-title":"Effects of Gynura divaricata on the AMPK\/Akt signaling pathway in insulin-resistant rats","volume":"42","author":"Wei","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Chin. Med. Mater."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8686297","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/8686297","article-title":"The aqueous extract of Gynura divaricata (L.) DC. improves glucose and lipid metabolism and ameliorates type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"2018","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Evid.-Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1038\/s41387-020-00134-z","article-title":"Gynura divaricata exerts hypoglycemic effects by regulating the PI3K\/AKT signaling pathway and fatty acid metabolism signaling pathway","volume":"10","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutr. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"27","article-title":"Gynura divaricata effect on blood glucose levels in alloxan-induced diabetes mice","volume":"13","author":"Sovia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Singap. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"3040","article-title":"Comparative study of fresh and dried Gynura divaricata on improving glucose and lipid metabolism, oxidative stress and inflammation in diabetic mice","volume":"43","author":"Wei","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Chin. Med. Mater."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"295","article-title":"Hypoglycemic effects of total flavonoids from Gynura divaricata in diabetic rats","volume":"34","author":"Yu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"623","article-title":"Hypoglycemic effect and mechanism of aqueous extract of Gynura divaricata in type 2 diabetic rats","volume":"41","author":"Ma","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chin. Tradit. Herb. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"49","article-title":"Clinical intervention study of a Gynura divaricata compound preparation in type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"25","author":"Dai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Nutr. China"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2011.04.059","article-title":"In vitro studies of Gynura divaricata (L.) DC. extracts as inhibitors of key enzymes relevant for type 2 diabetes and hypertension","volume":"136","author":"Wu","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1039\/c9tx00191c","article-title":"Gynura divaricata ameliorates hepatic insulin resistance by modulating insulin signalling, maintaining glycolipid homeostasis and reducing inflammation in type 2 diabetic mice","volume":"8","author":"Dong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Toxicol. Res."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"102","article-title":"Effect of Gynura divaricata on hepatic insulin receptor expression in insulin-resistant rats","volume":"30","author":"Han","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Clin. Chin. Mater. Medica"},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"110","article-title":"Molecular mechanism of Gynura divaricata against insulin resistance in HepG2 cells","volume":"24","author":"Wei","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chin. J. Exp. Tradit. Med. Formulae"},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"2501","article-title":"Effect of total flavonoids from Gynura divaricata on insulin resistance in type 2 diabetic rats","volume":"37","author":"He","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chin. Tradit. Pat. Med."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Zhu, Y.Z. (2023). Extraction, Purification, Physicochemical Properties and Hypoglycemic Activity of Gynura divaricata Polysaccharides. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Zhejiang Gongshang University]. (In Chinese)."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Wei, N.Q., Yang, H.C., Zhou, L.M., Liang, Y., and Lai, Y.Y. (2025). Mechanism of Gynura divaricata in the treatment of hyperlipidemia based on network pharmacology, molecular docking and animal experiments. Mod. Chin. Med. Res. Pract., 39, (In Chinese)."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"1572","article-title":"Effects of Gynura divaricata extract on lipid metabolism and liver protection in diabetic mice","volume":"34","author":"Yuan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chin. J. Hosp. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"70","article-title":"Lipid-lowering effect of Gynura divaricata extract in hyperlipidemic rats","volume":"24","author":"Tong","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Jiangxi Univ. Tradit. Chin. Med."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"226","article-title":"Effects of total flavonoids from Gynura divaricata on blood lipids and liver in experimental hyperlipidemic rats","volume":"10","author":"Weng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cap. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"Yue, T., Mou, H.M., Li, J., Wang, L., Sang, J., and Shu, C.L. (2018). Effects of aqueous extract of Gynura divaricata on oxidative stress and aortic atherosclerosis in type 2 diabetic rats. Chongqing Med., 47, (In Chinese)."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e03721","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.202503721","article-title":"Antioxidant and antiaging effects and mechanism of action of Gynura divaricata (L.) DC. polysaccharides in Caenorhabditis elegans","volume":"23","author":"Liao","year":"2026","journal-title":"Chem. Biodivers."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117638","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2023.117638","article-title":"Gynura divaricata (L.) DC. promotes diabetic wound healing by activating Nrf2 signaling in diabetic rats","volume":"323","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"30","article-title":"Protective effects of Gynura divaricata in mice with type 2 diabetes complicated by acute kidney injury","volume":"18","author":"Wei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Asia-Pac. Tradit. Med."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"368","article-title":"Protective effect of total flavonoids from Gynura divaricata on diabetic liver injury in rats based on the SIRT1\/FoxO1 pathway","volume":"54","author":"Jin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Zhejiang J. Tradit. Chin. Med."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/s10020-023-00605-w","article-title":"Exploring the mechanism by which aqueous Gynura divaricata inhibits diabetic foot based on network pharmacology, molecular docking and experimental verification","volume":"29","author":"Sun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"647","article-title":"Clinical intervention study of Gynura divaricata extract powder combined with a quadruple viable bacteria preparation in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"30","author":"Tao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chin. J. Microecol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cclet.2009.04.021","article-title":"New cytotoxic cerebroside from Gynura divaricata","volume":"20","author":"Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chin. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2009.06.010","article-title":"A new cerebroside from Gynura divaricata","volume":"80","author":"Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2021.114145","article-title":"Traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology of the genus Gynura (Compositae): A comprehensive review","volume":"276","author":"Meng","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"e04908","article-title":"Risks for human health related to the presence of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in honey, tea, herbal infusions and food supplements","volume":"15","author":"Knutsen","year":"2017","journal-title":"EFSA J."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/31\/17\/2993\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T16:54:54Z","timestamp":1787763294000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/31\/17\/2993"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules31172993"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules31172993","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]}}}