{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T09:16:11Z","timestamp":1788254171457,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787788800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study focuses on the isolation, characterization, and evaluation of cytotoxicity of triterpenes extracted from argan pulp. The unsaponifiable lipids extracted from argan pulp are separated into five fractions, two of which are triterpene fractions F2 (composed of \u03b1-amyrin, \u03b2-amyrin, lupeol, \u03c8-taraxasterol, taraxasterol) and F4 (erythrodiol). The extraction process utilized solvent-based methods followed by purification through column chromatography. Structural elucidation was carried out using GC-MS and NMR techniques. The cytotoxic activity of the fractions was evaluated against HepG2, MCF-7, and HeLa cell lines. Fraction F4 exhibited IC50 values of 45.58, 71.24, and 98.80 \u00b5g\/mL, respectively, while fraction F2 showed IC50 values of 122.6, 167.8, and 212.7 \u00b5g\/mL. Annexin V\u2013FITC\/PI flow-cytometry analysis was performed on HepG2 cancer cells and THLE-2 non-tumor cells treated with F4. The results showed a concentration-dependent increase in apoptosis in HepG2 cells, with minimal necrosis. To complement the experimental results, computational analyses were performed to evaluate the pharmacokinetic properties. The triterpenes showed favorable drug-like characteristics and low predicted toxicity. Molecular docking revealed strong interactions with key cancer-related targets, including BCL-2, estrogen receptor \u03b1, and HPV16 E6.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31173011","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T16:47:13Z","timestamp":1787849233000},"page":"3011","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cytotoxic Triterpenes from Argan Pulp (Argania spinosa): Isolation, In Vitro Evaluation on Cancer Cell Lines, and In Silico Studies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Asma","family":"El Kaourat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Plant Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Synthesis, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Agdal, Rabat 10000, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Badr Eddine","family":"Kartah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Plant Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Synthesis, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Agdal, Rabat 10000, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2211-3298","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed","family":"El Fadili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire d\u2019Ing\u00e9nierie, Mod\u00e9lisation et Analyse des Syst\u00e8mes (LIMAS Laboratory), Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mahraz, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez 30000, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Noura","family":"Bentarhlia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Plant Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Synthesis, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Agdal, Rabat 10000, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4281-3777","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hamza","family":"Tachallait","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Biochemical Sciences\u2014Green Process Engineering (CBS-GPE), Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P), Ben Guerir 43150, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-5686-7993","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yassine","family":"Jaouhari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale \u201cA. Avogadro\u201d, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6587-9843","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matteo","family":"Bordiga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale \u201cA. Avogadro\u201d, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-9341-3435","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zineb","family":"Ourradi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Materials, Nanotechnologies and Environment Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat 10000, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8750-9106","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Younes","family":"Zaid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Materials, Nanotechnologies and Environment Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat 10000, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6938-7747","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zoubida","family":"Charrouf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Plant Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Synthesis, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Agdal, Rabat 10000, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5192-9034","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hanae","family":"El Monfalouti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Plant Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Synthesis, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Agdal, Rabat 10000, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2551","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-023-02781-2","article-title":"Effects of Chemotherapy on the Immune System: Implications for Cancer Treatment and Patient Outcomes","volume":"397","author":"Sharma","year":"2024","journal-title":"Naunyn-Schmiedeberg\u2019s Arch. 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