{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T05:16:55Z","timestamp":1788153415481,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":122,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787875200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Project for Technological Innovation and Application Development in Chongqing, China","award":["CSTB2024TIAD-KJFZMSX0005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CSTB2024TIAD-KJFZMSX0005"]}]},{"name":"Chongqing Wanzhou Science and Technology Commission","award":["wzstc-20240013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["wzstc-20240013"]}]},{"name":"The Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province","award":["2025ZNSFSC1821"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025ZNSFSC1821"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100019072","name":"The Research Program of Scientific Research Start-up Fund for Chongqing Three Gorges Medical College High-level Talents Plan Project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["XJ2024006101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XJ2024006101"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100019072","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Citrus processing generates massive volumes of citrus-processing by-products rich in polyphenols, pectin, and essential oils, yet most of these materials are disposed of with low-value utilization, causing biomass loss and environmental pressure. Physical-assisted extraction techniques represent promising strategies for recovering high-value bioactive components from citrus-processing by-products. This narrative review assesses mainstream conventional and physical-assisted extraction routes (acid-assisted, ultrasound-assisted, microwave-assisted, and supercritical CO2 extraction) for phenolic compounds, pectin, and essential oils derived from citrus-processing by-products, summarizes optimal operational parameters, and compares their downstream food, biomaterial, and environmental remediation applications. Key findings demonstrate that ultrasound- and microwave-assisted extraction generally deliver higher extraction yields and better preservation of thermally sensitive bioactives relative to conventional reflux extraction; nevertheless, industrial-scale translation faces multiple bottlenecks, including high equipment investment, raw-material seasonal variability, incomplete solvent-recovery workflows, and scarce unified multi-dimensional evaluation benchmarks. Major limitations of existing research include the predominant focus on laboratory-scale yield optimization, with insufficient systematic quantitative comparisons covering energy consumption, product functional quality, life-cycle assessment (LCA), and techno-economic performance. Furthermore, thermal-driven oxidative degradation of d-limonene and polyphenols persists as a critical challenge hindering final product quality. Future perspectives highlight the need to establish standardized raw-material pretreatment protocols, combine chemical-based evaluation metrics and ISO 14040-compliant LCA frameworks to balance environmental benefits and economic profitability, and advance pilot-scale validation for hybrid coupled extraction processes. Key conclusions: although citrus-processing by-products possess enormous biorefinery potential, bridging laboratory-scale feasibility and industrial commercialization still requires joint progress in extraction-process optimization, safety validation, and circular-economy-oriented technical innovation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31173018","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T04:24:03Z","timestamp":1788150243000},"page":"3018","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Bioactive Compounds from Citrus-Processing By-Products: A Narrative Review of Physical-Assisted and Conventional Extraction Technologies Plus Downstream Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Di","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Innovation & Effective Uses of Chinese Drug Germplasm Resources, School of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muze","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Innovation & Effective Uses of Chinese Drug Germplasm Resources, School of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuanyuan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Innovation & Effective Uses of Chinese Drug Germplasm Resources, School of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lanlan","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Innovation & Effective Uses of Chinese Drug Germplasm Resources, School of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tingting","family":"Kuang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Innovation & Effective Uses of Chinese Drug Germplasm Resources, School of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jia","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Innovation & Effective Uses of Chinese Drug Germplasm Resources, School of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyan","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chongqing Three Gorges Medical College, Chongqing 404120, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Innovation & Effective Uses of Chinese Drug Germplasm Resources, School of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ce","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Innovation & Effective Uses of Chinese Drug Germplasm Resources, School of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maqbool, Z., Khalid, W., Atiq, H.T., Koraqi, H., Javaid, Z., Alhag, S.K., Al-Shuraym, L.A., Bader, D.M.D., Almarzuq, M., and Afifi, M. 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