{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T10:14:21Z","timestamp":1788430461195,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788393600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013704","name":"FEEI of FONACIDE, Paraguay","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PINV15-224"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PINV15-224"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013704","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013704","name":"FEEI of FONACIDE, Paraguay","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PINV 20-006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PINV 20-006"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013704","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013704","name":"FEEI of FONACIDE, Paraguay","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["INIC01-206"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INIC01-206"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013704","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a global and prevalent pathogen, presenting significant clinical challenges because of its recurring infections, the development of drug resistance and severe clinical complications. This study evaluated the antiviral efficacy against HSV-1 of Acrocomia aculeata (A. aculeata) kernel oil, a Neotropical palm native to the Americas. Methods: The chemical profile of A. aculeata kernel oil was determined by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC-FID). Antiviral activity was assessed using dose\u2013response curves, time-of-addition assays, and quantification of intracellular viral genomes, viral gene transcripts, and IL-6 expression. A. aculeata kernel oil\u2019s antiviral effect was also evaluated using an in vivo HSV-1 cutaneous infection model. Results: GC-FID analysis revealed lauric, oleic, and myristic acids as predominant components in the kernel oil. A. aculeata kernel oil exhibited potent antiviral activity against HSV-1. The oil inhibited HSV-1 early step post-entry, reducing the mRNA levels of the immediate-early genes ICP4 and ICP22, leading to the downregulation of early and late viral gene expression and intracellular viral genome. Furthermore, the oil suppressed IL-6 expression in infected cells. Importantly, A. aculeata kernel oil promoted the healing of cutaneous lesions in HSV-1-infected mice. Conclusions: These findings demonstrate that A. aculeata kernel oil is a promising candidate for developing novel antiviral and topical therapies against HSV-1.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31173092","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T09:20:43Z","timestamp":1788427243000},"page":"3092","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Acrocomia aculeata (Mbokaja) Kernel Oil Inhibits Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Replication and Promotes Cutaneous Wound Healing in Infected Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0667-2209","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Bel\u00e9n","family":"Villalba Aucejo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biotechnology Department, Facultad de Ciencias Qu\u00edmicas, Universidad Nacional de Asunci\u00f3n, San Lorenzo 111421, Paraguay"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5137-9001","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Laura","family":"Correa Quevedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Industrial Aplications Department, Facultad de Ciencias Qu\u00edmicas, Universidad Nacional de Asunci\u00f3n, San Lorenzo 111421, Paraguay"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0877-2972","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Paz","family":"C\u00e1ceres-Villalba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biotechnology Department, Facultad de Ciencias Qu\u00edmicas, Universidad Nacional de Asunci\u00f3n, San Lorenzo 111421, Paraguay"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Gladys Azucena Romero","family":"Saldivar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Industrial Aplications Department, Facultad de Ciencias Qu\u00edmicas, Universidad Nacional de Asunci\u00f3n, San Lorenzo 111421, Paraguay"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6837-8531","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonia","family":"Galeano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacology Department, Facultad de Ciencias Qu\u00edmicas, Universidad Nacional de Asunci\u00f3n, San Lorenzo 111421, Paraguay"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2296-2791","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Daniel","family":"Rivaldi Chavez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Industrial Aplications Department, Facultad de Ciencias Qu\u00edmicas, Universidad Nacional de Asunci\u00f3n, San Lorenzo 111421, Paraguay"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9793-3373","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patricia","family":"Langjahr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biotechnology Department, Facultad de Ciencias Qu\u00edmicas, Universidad Nacional de Asunci\u00f3n, San Lorenzo 111421, Paraguay"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6473-2134","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pablo H.","family":"Sotelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biotechnology Department, Facultad de Ciencias Qu\u00edmicas, Universidad Nacional de Asunci\u00f3n, San Lorenzo 111421, Paraguay"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)04638-9","article-title":"Herpes Simplex Virus 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