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However, there is currently a lack of knowledge regarding the characteristics of the biomolecules involved and their mechanisms during synthesis, which limits their wider application. This research study focused on the synthesis of AgNPs using extracellularly secreted biomolecules from the filamentous fungus R. stolonifer. The results indicated that the concentration of the biomolecules depends on the response of the fungus to specific operational conditions. Furthermore, a relationship was found between the concentrations of total proteins and polyphenols, an optimal protein-to-polyphenol ratio, and the formation of AgNPs. Characterization of the fungus extracts revealed a complex mixture of over 100 metabolites, primarily phenolic compounds, proteins, and methoxylated compounds, thereby identifying a synergistic mechanism that enables the reduction and stabilization of AgNPs. Disinfection tests confirmed the antibacterial efficacy of all biosynthesized AgNPs, achieving 100% elimination of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The study outcomes highlight the important role of fungal biomolecules for creating a sustainable and efficient method for synthesizing antimicrobial nanoparticles with high efficacy for disinfectant applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31173103","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T16:07:32Z","timestamp":1788538052000},"page":"3103","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Fungal-Based Biogenic Silver Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Mathematical Modeling and Application"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Alejandra","family":"Ortiz-Tirado","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Direction of Applied Research and Development, Center for Applied Innovation in Competitive Technologies, Omega 201, Le\u00f3n 37545, Guanajuato, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Erick R.","family":"Bandala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NantBioRenewables LLC, 100 Seapoint Blv. 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(CIMAV), Miguel de Cervantes No. 120, Chihuahua 31136, Chihuahua, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"James","family":"McGree","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mathematical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, GPO Box 2344, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3312-140X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis Fernando","family":"Mejia-Diaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Transdisciplinary Institute of Research and Services (ITRANS), University of Guadalajara, Zapopan 45150, Jalisco, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Ashantha","family":"Goonetilleke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani Campus, Vidya Vihar, Pilani 333031, Rajasthan, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2283-5741","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mart\u00edn","family":"Pacheco-\u00c1lvarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Qu\u00edmica-DCNE, Universidad de Guanajuato, Cerro de la Venada s\/n, Pueblito de Rocha, Guanajuato 36040, Guanajuato, Mexico"},{"name":"Tecnol\u00f3gico Nacional de M\u00e9xico, Instituto Tecnol\u00f3gico Superior de Guanajuato, Carretera Estatal Guanajuato-Puentecillas Km. 10.5, Guanajuato 36262, Guanajuato, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9943-9261","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oscar M.","family":"Rodriguez-Narvaez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Direction of Applied Research and Development, Center for Applied Innovation in Competitive Technologies, Omega 201, Le\u00f3n 37545, Guanajuato, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/24701556.2020.1862212","article-title":"Biosynthesis, Antimicrobial Spectra and Applications of Silver Nanoparticles: Current Progress and Future Prospects","volume":"52","author":"Tehri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Inorg. 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