{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T16:24:06Z","timestamp":1788539046787,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788480000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science, Technological Development, and Innovation of the Republic of Serbia","award":["451-03-033\/2026-03\/200051"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["451-03-033\/2026-03\/200051"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science, Technological Development, and Innovation of the Republic of Serbia","award":["451-03-34\/2026-03\/200135"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["451-03-34\/2026-03\/200135"]}]},{"award":["451-03-033\/2026-03\/200051"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["451-03-033\/2026-03\/200051"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01znas443","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["451-03-34\/2026-03\/200135"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["451-03-34\/2026-03\/200135"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01znas443","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study evaluates caffeine-assisted aqueous extraction systems for the enhanced extraction of \u03a316 US EPA priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from waste creosote-infused wood. Aqueous solutions of eight water-soluble organic acids were investigated with and without caffeine to assess its effect on PAH extraction. Caffeine improved extraction across all systems, but the extent of this improvement varied depending on the initial performance of each extraction agent without caffeine. Deionized water exhibited a negligible extraction yield (0.0027%), whereas caffeine addition increased the yield to 1.6886%, corresponding to a 625-fold improvement. Despite substantial differences among agents without caffeine, most caffeine-containing systems achieved similar extraction yields (4.2\u20135.3%), indicating that caffeine-induced hydrotropic solubilization became the dominant factor governing PAH extraction. Based on the maximum extraction performance achieved in the presence of caffeine, the investigated systems can be ranked as follows: acetic acid-caffeine &gt; citric acid-caffeine &gt; p-TsOH-caffeine \u2248 tartaric acid-caffeine \u2248 lactic acid-caffeine \u2248 formic acid-caffeine &gt; ascorbic acid-caffeine. These findings identify caffeine-assisted aqueous extraction as a promising approach for enhancing PAH extraction from creosote-treated waste wood while reducing reliance on conventional organic solvents in the primary extraction step.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31173107","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T16:07:32Z","timestamp":1788538052000},"page":"3107","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Novel Caffeine-Assisted Aqueous Extraction Strategy for Enhanced Solubilization of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Creosote-Treated Waste Wood"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2922-0256","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u017deljka M.","family":"Nikoli\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of General and Physical Chemistry, Studentski trg 12\/V, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7587-8569","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neboj\u0161a R.","family":"Radovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Aleksandra M.","family":"Radulovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of General and Physical Chemistry, Studentski trg 12\/V, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6713-3754","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Milica P.","family":"Mar\u010deta Kaninski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of General and Physical Chemistry, Studentski trg 12\/V, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3479-473X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vladimir M.","family":"Nikoli\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of General and Physical Chemistry, Studentski trg 12\/V, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7862-3246","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dragana Z.","family":"\u017divojinovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Karnegijeva 4, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"209","article-title":"Creosote released from railway-ties recycled and the sanitary risks","volume":"69","author":"Zicari","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ig. 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