{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T10:09:17Z","timestamp":1788775757450,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":119,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788739200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Nebraska EPSCoR","award":["OIA-2044049"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OIA-2044049"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has emerged as an important gaseous signaling molecule involved in numerous physiological and pathological processes, including redox regulation, inflammation, and cellular signaling. Accurate detection of H2S in biological systems is therefore essential for understanding its roles in health and disease. Among various fluorescent platforms, the 1,8-naphthalimide scaffold has attracted considerable attention due to its unique photophysical properties, structural tunability, and high sensitivity to substituent modification. This review summarizes recent advances in the development of 1,8-naphthalimide-based fluorescent probes for H2S detection. The fundamental photophysical mechanisms associated with the 1,8-naphthalimide fluorophore, including intramolecular charge transfer (ICT), photoinduced electron transfer (PET), and F\u00f6rster resonance energy transfer (FRET), are discussed in relation to probe design. Emphasis is placed on reaction-based sensing strategies, highlighting organic reactions that enable selective recognition of H2S, such as reduction, nucleophilic addition, nucleophilic substitution, and intramolecular cyclization. Representative probes are summarized and compared with respect to sensing mechanisms and photophysical behavior. In addition, the current challenges of 1,8-naphthalimide-based H2S probes are discussed. We hope this review will provide useful perspectives for the development of efficient 1,8-naphthalimide-based fluorescent probes for H2S detection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31173126","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T09:23:37Z","timestamp":1788773017000},"page":"3126","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["1,8-Naphthalimide: A Versatile Platform for the Design of Fluorescent Probes Targeting Hydrogen Sulfide in Biological Systems"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Riley","family":"Grieser","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska at Kearney, 2504 9th Ave, Kearney, NE 68849, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Fox-Belmonte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska at Kearney, 2504 9th Ave, Kearney, NE 68849, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8634-8232","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hector","family":"Palencia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska at Kearney, 2504 9th Ave, Kearney, NE 68849, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6789-0998","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haishi","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska at Kearney, 2504 9th Ave, Kearney, NE 68849, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.niox.2013.07.002","article-title":"Hydrogen sulfide chemical biology: Pathophysiological roles and detection","volume":"35","author":"Kolluru","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nitric Oxide"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2010.06580.x","article-title":"Hydrogen sulfide as a gasotransmitter","volume":"113","author":"Gadalla","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-016-2406-8","article-title":"H2S biosynthesis and catabolism: New insights from molecular studies","volume":"74","author":"Rose","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neures.2015.03.003","article-title":"Neuronal regulation of expression of hydrogen sulfide-producing enzyme cystathionine \u03b2-synthase in rat spinal cord astrocytes","volume":"97","author":"Miyamoto","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2011.4349","article-title":"Role of cystathionine \u03b3-lyase\/hydrogen sulfide pathway in cardiovascular disease: A novel therapeutic strategy?","volume":"17","author":"Pan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rao, S.P., Dobariya, P., Bellamkonda, H., and More, S.S. (2023). Role of 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (3-MST) in physiology and disease. Antioxidants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12030603"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C41","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00398.2011","article-title":"Increased endogenous H2S generation by CBS, CSE, and 3MST gene therapy improves ex vivo renovascular relaxation in hyperhomocysteinemia","volume":"303","author":"Sen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2017.7058","article-title":"A Review of hydrogen sulfide synthesis, metabolism, and measurement: Is modulation of hydrogen sulfide a novel therapeutic for cancer?","volume":"31","author":"Cao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1980","DOI":"10.1039\/C8CC00187A","article-title":"Goodbye to S2\u2212 in aqueous solution","volume":"54","author":"May","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2014.09.007","article-title":"Redox chemistry and chemical biology of H2S, hydropersulfides, and derived species: Implications of their possible biological activity and utility","volume":"77","author":"Ono","year":"2014","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andr\u00e9s, C.M.C., P\u00e9rez de la Lastra, J.M., Andr\u00e9s Juan, C., Plou, F.J., and P\u00e9rez-Lebe\u00f1a, E. (2023). Chemistry of hydrogen sulfide\u2014Pathological and physiological functions in mammalian cells. Cells, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12232684"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6043038","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/6043038","article-title":"Hydrogen sulfide and cellular redox homeostasis","volume":"2016","author":"Xie","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, D., Du, J., Tang, C., Huang, Y., and Jin, H. (2017). H2S-induced sulfhydration: Biological function and detection methodology. Front. Pharmacol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2017.00608"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.7b00205","article-title":"Chemical biology of H2S signaling through persulfidation","volume":"118","author":"Filipovic","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbapap.2014.01.002","article-title":"H2S and its role in redox signaling","volume":"1844","author":"Kabil","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Proteins Proteom."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00627","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00627","article-title":"Intersection of H2S and Nrf2 signaling: Therapeutic opportunities for neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"22","author":"Soni","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Munteanu, C., Turnea, M.A., and Rotariu, M. (2023). Hydrogen sulfide: An emerging regulator of oxidative stress and cellular homeostasis\u2014A comprehensive one-year review. Antioxidants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12091737"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vanderwall, A.G., and Milligan, E.D. (2019). Cytokines in pain: Harnessing endogenous anti-inflammatory signaling for improved pain management. Front. Immunol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.03009"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gorini, F., Del Turco, S., Sabatino, L., Gaggini, M., and Vassalle, C. (2021). H2S as a bridge linking inflammation, oxidative stress and endothelial biology: A possible defense in the fight against SARS-CoV-2 infection?. Biomedicines, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines9091107"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13098","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201901304R","article-title":"Hydrogen sulfide signaling in mitochondria and disease","volume":"33","author":"Murphy","year":"2019","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, D., Jing, G., and Zhu, S. (2023). Regulation of mitochondrial respiration by hydrogen sulfide. Antioxidants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12081644"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116556","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2024.116556","article-title":"Hydrogen sulfide mitigates mitochondrial dysfunction and cellular senescence in diabetic patients: Potential therapeutic applications","volume":"230","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Munteanu, C., Galaction, A.I., Onose, G., Turnea, M., and Rotariu, M. (2025). The Janus face of oxidative stress and hydrogen sulfide: Insights into neurodegenerative disease pathogenesis. Antioxidants, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox14030360"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-019-1525-1","article-title":"Hydrogen sulfide: A gaseous signaling molecule modulates tissue homeostasis: Implications in ophthalmic diseases","volume":"10","author":"Han","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pan, L.L., Qin, M., Liu, X.H., and Zhu, Y.Z. (2017). The role of hydrogen sulfide on cardiovascular homeostasis: An overview with update on immunomodulation. Front. Pharmacol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2017.00686"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Comas, F., and Moreno-Navarrete, J.M. (2021). The impact of H2S on obesity-associated metabolic disturbances. Antioxidants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10050633"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00755","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00755","article-title":"Black gas, bright future: H2S-based therapeutics for neurodegenerative disorders","volume":"22","author":"Morris","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, R.H., Chu, Y.H., and Lin, K.T. (2021). The hidden role of hydrogen sulfide metabolism in cancer. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22126562"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2915","DOI":"10.4161\/cc.26064","article-title":"Endogenously produced hydrogen sulfide supports tumor cell growth and proliferation","volume":"12","author":"Szabo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Cycle"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2012.07.014","article-title":"Fluorescent probes for sensing and imaging biological hydrogen sulfide","volume":"16","author":"Lin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/S1570-0232(02)00623-2","article-title":"Assay methods and biological roles of labile sulfur in animal tissues","volume":"781","author":"Ubuka","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. B"},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"175","article-title":"New methods for the release of volatile sulfur compounds from human serum: Its determination by Tenax trapping and gas chromatography and its application in liver diseases","volume":"106","author":"Tangerman","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Lab. Clin. Med."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R1930","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00025.2008","article-title":"Reappraisal of H2S\/sulfide concentration in vertebrate blood and its potential significance in ischemic preconditioning and vascular signaling","volume":"294","author":"Whitfield","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ab.2005.03.024","article-title":"Polarographic measurement of hydrogen sulfide production and consumption by mammalian tissues","volume":"341","author":"Doeller","year":"2005","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4347(00)82537-2","article-title":"Determination of sulfide in brain tissue and rumen fluid by ion-interaction reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography","volume":"526","author":"Savage","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. B Biomed. Sci. Appl."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2677","DOI":"10.1021\/jacsau.3c00427","article-title":"Advances and opportunities in H2S measurement in chemical biology","volume":"3","author":"Smith","year":"2023","journal-title":"JACS Au"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1586\/ecp.10.132","article-title":"Detection of hydrogen sulfide in biological samples: Current and future","volume":"4","author":"Kolluru","year":"2011","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42151","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.5c05048","article-title":"Fluorescent probes for endogenous hydrogen sulfide: Advances and challenges","volume":"10","author":"Ganesh","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18868","DOI":"10.1038\/srep18868","article-title":"A highly selective and sensitive near-infrared fluorescent probe for imaging of hydrogen sulphide in living cells and mice","volume":"6","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7131","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1302193110","article-title":"Cell-trappable fluorescent probes for endogenous hydrogen sulfide signaling and imaging H2O2-dependent H2S production","volume":"110","author":"Lin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2582","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.accounts.9b00302","article-title":"Reaction-based fluorescent probes for the detection and imaging of reactive oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur species","volume":"52","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acc. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14067","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules171214067","article-title":"Fluorescent probes and fluorescence (microscopy) techniques\u2014Illuminating biological and biomedical research","volume":"17","author":"Drummen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6287","DOI":"10.1039\/D5OB00657K","article-title":"1,8-Naphthalimide derivatives as small molecules with multi-applications in chemistry and biology","volume":"23","author":"Sanaullah","year":"2025","journal-title":"Org. Biomol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13501","DOI":"10.1039\/D0TC03681A","article-title":"1,8-Naphthalimide-based fluorescent chemosensors: Recent advances and perspectives","volume":"8","author":"Dong","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612826666201118113311","article-title":"A comprehensive review on fused heterocyclic as DNA intercalators: Promising anticancer agents","volume":"27","author":"Sharma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bala, I.A., Nicolescu, A., Georgescu, F., Dumitrascu, F., Airinei, A., Tigoianu, R., Georgescu, E., Constantinescu-Aruxandei, D., Oancea, F., and Deleanu, C. (2024). Synthesis and biological properties of fluorescent strigolactone mimics derived from 1,8-naphthalimide. Molecules, 29.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29102283"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11685","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.6b00160","article-title":"Functional naphthalene diimides: Synthesis, properties, and applications","volume":"116","author":"Bhosale","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4929","DOI":"10.1021\/jo050157f","article-title":"Matrix library screening of substituted N-aryl-1,8-naphthalimides reveals new dual fluorescent dyes and unusually bright pyridine derivatives","volume":"70","author":"Cao","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Org. Chem."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2959","DOI":"10.1021\/jo035760h","article-title":"Substituent effects on monoboronic acid sensors for saccharides based on N-phenyl-1,8-naphthalenedicarboximides","volume":"69","author":"Cao","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Org. Chem."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1039\/D5SD00201J","article-title":"1,8-Naphthalimide-derived reactivity-based fluorescent probes for detection and imaging of H2S","volume":"5","author":"Noushija","year":"2026","journal-title":"Sens. Diagn."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70435","DOI":"10.1002\/bio.70435","article-title":"Multimodal hydrogen sulfide fluorescent probes: Mechanistic advances, bioimaging challenges, and prospects for clinical translation","volume":"41","author":"Wang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Luminescence"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, M., Zhou, Y., Wang, K., Luo, C., Xie, M., Shi, X., and Lin, X. (2023). Review of chemical sensors for hydrogen sulfide detection in organisms and living cells. Sensors, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/s23063316"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Korzec, M., Kotowicz, S., Malarz, K., and Mrozek-Wilczkiewicz, A. (2023). Spectroscopic and biological properties of the 3-imino-1,8-naphthalimide derivatives as fluorophores for cellular imaging. Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4347381"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14399","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.1c01271","article-title":"Novel Mitochondria-Targeting and Naphthalimide-Based Fluorescent Probe for Detecting HClO in Living Cells","volume":"6","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214019","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2021.214019","article-title":"Recent advances in 1,8-naphthalimide-based small-molecule fluorescent probes for organelle imaging and tracking in living cells","volume":"444","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Coord. Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sakr, A.R., Georgiev, N.I., and Bojinov, V.B. (2023). Design and synthesis of a novel ICT bichromophoric pH sensing system based on 1,8-naphthalimide fluorophores as a two-input logic gate and its antibacterial evaluation. Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28083631"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1007\/s44371-025-00442-2","article-title":"Naphthalimide dyes as fluorescent probes for emerging applications in medical diagnostics and therapeutics: A review","volume":"2","author":"Mustapha","year":"2025","journal-title":"Discov. Chem."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113802","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotochem.2022.113802","article-title":"A highly sensitive naphthalimide-based fluorescent \u201cturn-on\u201d sensor for H2S and its bio-imaging applications","volume":"427","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. A Chem."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4393","DOI":"10.1039\/b802074d","article-title":"Intermolecular photoinduced electron transfer of 1,8-naphthalimides in protic polar solvents","volume":"10","author":"Cho","year":"2008","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1039\/B613640K","article-title":"Photoinduced energy and electron transfer in 1,8-naphthalimide\u2013corrole dyads","volume":"31","author":"Tasior","year":"2007","journal-title":"New J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1007\/s11705-019-1862-8","article-title":"4-Amino-1,8-naphthalimide based fluorescent photoinduced electron transfer (PET) pH sensors as liposomal cellular imaging agents: The effect of substituent patterns on pet directional quenching","volume":"14","author":"Bright","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Chem. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144705","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molstruc.2025.144705","article-title":"PH-Dependent photoinduced electron transfer of 1,8-naphthalimide derivatives: Effects of regiochemistry, substituent at 4-position and proton receptor","volume":"1353","author":"Xie","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Mol. Struct."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1810","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1521-3765(19980904)4:9<1810::AID-CHEM1810>3.0.CO;2-Y","article-title":"Arenedicarboximide building blocks for fluorescent photoinduced electron transfer pH sensors applicable with different media and communication wavelengths","volume":"4","author":"Daffy","year":"1998","journal-title":"Chem. Eur. J."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4203","DOI":"10.1039\/C4CS00334A","article-title":"Current developments in fluorescent PET (Photoinduced Electron Transfer) sensors and switches","volume":"44","author":"Daly","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3447","DOI":"10.1039\/b907037k","article-title":"Demonstration of Bidirectional Photoinduced Electron Transfer (PET) sensing in 4-amino-1,8-naphthalimide based thiourea anion sensors","volume":"7","author":"Veale","year":"2009","journal-title":"Org. Biomol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1728","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.199517281","article-title":"New fluorescent model compounds for the study of photoinduced electron transfer: The influence of a molecular electric field in the excited state","volume":"34","author":"Gunaratne","year":"1995","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22214","DOI":"10.1039\/D1RA02511B","article-title":"Sensing mechanism of a new fluorescent probe for hydrogen sulfide: Photoinduced electron transfer and invalidity of excited-state intramolecular proton transfer","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2109","DOI":"10.1007\/s10895-024-03660-6","article-title":"A Novel DNBS-based fluorescent probe for the detection of H2S in cells and on test strips","volume":"35","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Fluoresc."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3387","DOI":"10.1039\/b801503a","article-title":"FRET-based sensor for imaging Chromium(III) in living cells","volume":"44","author":"Zhou","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotochem.2018.12.010","article-title":"A 1,8-Naphthalimide anchor rhodamine B based FRET probe for ratiometric detection of Cr3+ ion in living cells","volume":"372","author":"Adhikari","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. A Chem."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17350","DOI":"10.1039\/D2RA02028A","article-title":"Synthesis and photophysical properties of photostable 1,8-naphthalimide dyes incorporating benzotriazole-based UV absorbers","volume":"12","author":"Uesaka","year":"2022","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11281","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpca.5c06076","article-title":"Naphthalimide-appended squaraine rotaxanes exhibit enhanced FRET efficiency","volume":"129","author":"Lau","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2015.07.009","article-title":"Design and synthesis of a novel PET and ICT based 1,8-naphthalimide FRET bichromophore as a four-input Disabled\u2013Enabled-OR logic gate","volume":"221","author":"Georgiev","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Verma, A.K., Noumani, A., Yadav, A.K., and Solanki, P.R. (2023). FRET-based biosensor: Principle, applications, recent advances and challenges. Diagnostics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13081375"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16019","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1918919117","article-title":"Real-time monitoring of the in vivo redox state transition using the ratiometric redox state sensor protein FROG\/B","volume":"117","author":"Sugiura","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120524","DOI":"10.1016\/j.saa.2021.120524","article-title":"A FRET-based ratiometric fluorescent probe for hydrogen polysulfide detection in living cells and zebrafish","volume":"267","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Spectrochim. Acta A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6050","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.6b01310","article-title":"Ratiometric QD-FRET sensing of aqueous H2S in vitro","volume":"88","author":"Shamirian","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1544","DOI":"10.1002\/asia.201400131","article-title":"FRET-based mitochondria-targetable dual-excitation ratiometric fluorescent probe for monitoring hydrogen sulfide in living cells","volume":"9","author":"Yuan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem. Asian J."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1740","DOI":"10.1039\/b105159h","article-title":"Aggregation induced emission of 1-methyl-1,2,3,4,5-pentaphenylsilole","volume":"18","author":"Luo","year":"2001","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11718","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.5b00263","article-title":"Aggregation-Induced Emission: Together We Shine, United We Soar!","volume":"115","author":"Mei","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12081\u221212111","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.7b14473","article-title":"Functional 1,8-Naphthalimide AIE\/AIEEgens: Recent Advances and Prospects","volume":"10","author":"Gopikrishna","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Z., Ma, J., Li, C., and Zhang, H. (2023). Conjugated aggregation-induced fluorescent materials for biofluorescent probes: A review. Biosensors, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/bios13020159"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Joshi, H.C., and Antonov, L. (2021). Excited-state intramolecular proton transfer: A short introductory review. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26051475"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8842","DOI":"10.1039\/C8CS00185E","article-title":"Excited-state intramolecular proton-transfer (ESIPT) based fluorescence sensors and imaging agents","volume":"47","author":"Sedgwick","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31138","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.5c05047","article-title":"Structure\u2013function analysis of hy-droxy-1,8-naphthalimide photoacids for ESPT-driven H2S probes","volume":"10","author":"Dvorak","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2056","DOI":"10.1039\/D2CC06556H","article-title":"Excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT)-based fluorescent probes for biomarker detection: Design, mechanism, and application","volume":"59","author":"Gu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4767","DOI":"10.1039\/c2cc30730h","article-title":"Selective turn-on fluorescent probes for imaging hydrogen sulfide in living cells","volume":"48","author":"Montoya","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2018.12.016","article-title":"FRET-based dual channel fluorescent probe for detecting endogenous\/exogenous H2O2\/H2S formation through multicolor images","volume":"191","author":"Velusamy","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. B Biol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9213","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.6b02459","article-title":"Visualizing hydrogen sulfide in mitochondria and lysosome of living cells and in tumors of living mice with positively charged fluorescent chemosensors","volume":"88","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2017.02.012","article-title":"A ratiometric two-photon fluorescent probe for imaging hydrogen sulfide in lysosomes","volume":"167","author":"Feng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12944","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-13325-z","article-title":"A turn-on endoplasmic reticulum-targeted two-photon fluorescent probe for hydrogen sulfide and bio-imaging applications in living cells, tissues, and zebrafish","volume":"7","author":"Tang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4086","DOI":"10.1039\/D0CC00282H","article-title":"A new phenylsulfonamide-based Golgi-targeting fluorescent probe for H2S and its bioimaging applications in living cells and zebrafish","volume":"56","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1111\/cbdd.12948","article-title":"A novel mitochondria-targeting fluorescent probe for hydrogen sulfide in living cells","volume":"90","author":"Shi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Drug Des."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15817","DOI":"10.1039\/C7RA01479A","article-title":"A cancer cell-specific two-photon fluorescent probe for imaging hydrogen sulfide in living cells","volume":"7","author":"Song","year":"2017","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10500","DOI":"10.1039\/D2CC04247A","article-title":"Synergistically activated dual-locked fluorescent probes to monitor H2S-induced DNA damage","volume":"58","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2017.09.030","article-title":"A cell surface-specific two-photon fluorescent probe for monitoring intercellular transmission of hydrogen sulfide","volume":"994","author":"Fu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s10895-014-1494-9","article-title":"Reduction of nitro group on derivative of 1,8-naphthalimide for quantitative detection of hydrogen sulfide","volume":"25","author":"Bamesberger","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Fluoresc."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5870","DOI":"10.1038\/srep05870","article-title":"Selective detection of endogenous H2S in living cells and the mouse hippocampus using a ratiometric fluorescent probe","volume":"4","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10669","DOI":"10.1039\/c2cc35602c","article-title":"Fluorescent probe capable of detecting H2S at submicromolar concentrations in cells","volume":"48","author":"Xuan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2015.04.073","article-title":"A ratiometric fluorescent probe for sensitive and selective detection of hydrogen sulfide and its application for bioimaging","volume":"216","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dyepig.2015.06.003","article-title":"A ratiometric fluorescent probe for hydrogen sulfide based on the nucleophilic substitution-cyclization of diselenides","volume":"121","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dye. Pigment."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2445","DOI":"10.1039\/c3cc39269d","article-title":"A reversible fluorescent probe for detecting hypochlorous acid in living cells and animals: Utilizing a novel strategy for effectively modulating the fluorescence of selenide and selenoxide","volume":"49","author":"Lou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2013.5309","article-title":"Production and physiological effects of hydrogen sulfide","volume":"20","author":"Kimura","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6550","DOI":"10.1021\/jo4008095","article-title":"Development of selective colorimetric probes for hydrogen sulfide based on nucleophilic aromatic substitution","volume":"78","author":"Montoya","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Org. Chem."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2865","DOI":"10.1039\/C8NJ04926B","article-title":"A PET-based turn-on fluorescent probe for sensitive detection of thiols and H2S and its bioimaging application in living cells, tissues and zebrafish","volume":"43","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"New J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5012","DOI":"10.1039\/D1CC01369F","article-title":"A color turn-on fluorescent probe for real-time detection of hydrogen sulfide and identification of food spoilage","volume":"57","author":"Xiao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131923","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tet.2021.131923","article-title":"Novel naphthalimide-derived fluorescent probe based on aggregation-induced emission for turn-on detection of hydrogen sulfide","volume":"81","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Tetrahedron"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122621","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2021.122621","article-title":"A bifunctional probe reveals increased viscosity and hydrogen sulfide in zebrafish model of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"234","author":"Shen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110087","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inoche.2022.110087","article-title":"A new fluorescent probe for hydrogen sulfide based on naphthalimide derivatives and its biological application","volume":"146","author":"Shi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Inorg. Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dvorak, T., Hernandez-Sandoval, H., Cheku, S., Mora Valencia Gonz\u00e1lez, M., Borer, L., Grieser, R., Carlson, K.A., and Cao, H. (2025). Development of a rapid-response fluorescent probe for H2S: Mechanism elucidation and biological applications. Biosensors, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/bios15030174"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2021.338362","article-title":"Individual and successive detection of H2S and HClO in living cells and zebrafish by a dual-channel fluorescent probe with longer emission wavelength","volume":"1156","author":"Cheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2493","DOI":"10.1039\/D2CC06645A","article-title":"Observing hydrogen sulfide in the endoplasmic reticulum of cancer cells and zebrafish by using an activity-based fluorescent probe","volume":"59","author":"Kafuti","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5476","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.6b00956","article-title":"Mitochondria-targeted reaction-based fluorescent probe for hydrogen sulfide","volume":"88","author":"Pak","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1590","DOI":"10.1039\/C7NJ04119E","article-title":"A hydrogen sulfide-triggered self-immolative fluorescent probe for lysosome labeling in live cells","volume":"42","author":"Velusamy","year":"2018","journal-title":"New J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.saa.2016.09.051","article-title":"A highly selective fluorescent probe based on Michael addition for fast detection of hydrogen sulfide","volume":"173","author":"Gao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Spectrochim. Acta A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12369","DOI":"10.1039\/C9NJ02628B","article-title":"Estimation of hydrogen sulfide from crude petroleum: A unique invention using a simple chemosensor","volume":"43","author":"Kundu","year":"2019","journal-title":"New J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1039\/C0AN00742K","article-title":"Displacement method to develop highly sensitive and selective dual chemosensor towards sulfide anion","volume":"136","author":"Lou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1799","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cclet.2020.12.044","article-title":"A mitochondrial-targeted ratiometric probe for detecting intracellular H2S with high photostability","volume":"32","author":"Bu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chin. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.saa.2025.127419","article-title":"A lysosome-targeted probe based on naphthalimide with dual response to H2S and viscosity and its multiple applications in water samples, food spoilage and cellular inflammation","volume":"350","author":"Li","year":"2026","journal-title":"Spectrochim. Acta A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/31\/17\/3126\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T09:27:31Z","timestamp":1788773251000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/31\/17\/3126"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]]},"references-count":119,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules31173126"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules31173126","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]]}}}