{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T05:09:27Z","timestamp":1788930567372,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788739200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100022083","name":"VLIR-UOS","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["VN2022TEA534A105"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VN2022TEA534A105"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100022083","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Oxidative stress is strongly associated with neuronal damage in neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD). Fungal melanins are remarkable free radical scavengers; however, their capacity to protect neurons from reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced damage remains understudied. This research evaluated the neuroprotective effects of fungal melanins and their arginine-modified counterparts on SH-SY5Y cells against neurotoxins, as well as their impact on ROS levels. Exposure to 0.6 mM H2O2 or 1 mM MPP+ markedly elevated ROS levels and reduced cell viability to approximately 56% and 60%, respectively. At 10 \u03bcg\/mL, melanins from Apioperdon pyriforme, Russula nigricans, and Xylaria nigripes significantly protected cells against H2O2 cytotoxicity, whereas arginine-modified melanin from the skin of Scleroderma sinnamariense significantly attenuated MPP+ cytotoxicity. Further dose-dependent evaluation revealed that melanin from A. pyriforme (10\u201312 \u03bcg\/mL) displayed activity comparable to the positive control (164 \u03bcg\/mL N-Acetylcysteine (NAC)) against H2O2 by increasing cell viability up to 90%. Similarly, arginine-modified melanin from S. sinnamariense (6\u201310 \u03bcg\/mL) and NAC showed a comparable protective effect against MPP+, boosting cell viability up to 80%. Both samples suppressed ROS to levels comparable to, or lower than, the untreated control. Melanin from A. pyriforme is a promising candidate for further research into complementary therapies for PD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31173135","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T13:53:28Z","timestamp":1788789208000},"page":"3135","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Fungal Melanins as Potential Reactive Oxygen Species-Scavenging Neuroprotective Agents"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Vy D. A.","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Microbiology Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, International University-VNU HCM, Linh Xuan Ward, Ho Chi Minh City 71309, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3042-0738","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yen T. H.","family":"Tran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Microbiology Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, International University-VNU HCM, Linh Xuan Ward, Ho Chi Minh City 71309, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Debby","family":"Mangelings","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group Analytical Chemistry, Applied Chemometrics and Molecular Modelling, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7788-9886","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yvan Vander","family":"Heyden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group Analytical Chemistry, Applied Chemometrics and Molecular Modelling, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1695-7398","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ann","family":"Van Eeckhaut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group Experimental Pharmacology (EFAR), Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Drug Information (FASC), Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Hanh T. M.","family":"Tran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Microbiology Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, International University-VNU HCM, Linh Xuan Ward, Ho Chi Minh City 71309, Vietnam"},{"name":"Research Group BIONUC (Biotechnology of Nutraceuticals and Bioactive Compounds), Department of Functional Biology, Microbiology Area, IUOPA and ISPA, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e105","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(21)00249-8","article-title":"Estimation of the global prevalence of dementia in 2019 and forecasted prevalence in 2050: An analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019","volume":"7","author":"Nichols","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"100421","article-title":"Epidemiology of Parkinson\u2019s disease\u2014Global burden of disease research from 1990 to 2021 and future trend predictions","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Clin. Park. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e080952","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2024-080952","article-title":"Projections for prevalence of Parkinson\u2019s disease and its driving factors in 195 countries and territories to 2050: Modelling study of Global Burden of Disease Study 2021","volume":"388","author":"Su","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1007\/s11062-025-09958-w","article-title":"Interplay of oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in Alzheimer\u2019s and Parkinson\u2019s diseases: Mechanisms and treatment strategies","volume":"55","author":"Mankovska","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurophysiology"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, A., Kukreti, R., Saso, L., and Kukreti, S. (2019). Oxidative Stress: A Key Modulator in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24081583"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"572634","article-title":"Oxidative Stress in Neurodegeneration","volume":"2011","author":"Shukla","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv. Pharmacol. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2105607","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/2105607","article-title":"Oxidative Stress in Neurodegenerative Diseases: From a Mitochondrial Point of View","volume":"2019","author":"Cenini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell Longev."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e10367","DOI":"10.1002\/btm2.10367","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s and Parkinson\u2019s disease therapies in the clinic","volume":"8","author":"Chopade","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bioeng. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e895","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000011373","article-title":"Dietary antioxidants and the risk of Parkinson disease: The Swedish National March Cohort","volume":"96","author":"Hantikainen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7528","DOI":"10.1039\/D3TB01132A","article-title":"Melanin: Insights into structure, analysis, and biological activities for future development","volume":"11","author":"Song","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Terranova, M.L. (2024). Physiological Roles of Eumelanin- and Melanogenesis-Associated Diseases: A Look at the Potentialities of Engineered and Microbial Eumelanin in Clinical Practice. Bioengineering, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering11080756"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2622","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.0c12322","article-title":"Unraveling the Structure and Function of Melanin through Synthesis","volume":"143","author":"Cao","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17567","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0808768105","article-title":"New melanic pigments in the human brain that accumulate in aging and block environmental toxic metals","volume":"105","author":"Zecca","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-148X.2008.00537.x","article-title":"The expanding role and presence of neuromelanins in the human brain\u2014Why gray matter is gray","volume":"22","author":"Hearing","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pigm. Cell Melanoma Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moreno-Garc\u00eda, A., Kun, A., Calero, M., and Calero, O. (2021). The Neuromelanin Paradox and Its Dual Role in Oxidative Stress and Neurodegeneration. Antioxidants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10010124"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-024-00641-1","article-title":"Intense exercise increases dopamine transporter and neuromelanin concentrations in the substantia nigra in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"10","author":"Hoye","year":"2024","journal-title":"npj Park. Dis."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6614","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-10546-9","article-title":"Melanin is a plenteous bioactive phenolic compound in date fruits (Phoenix dactylifera L.)","volume":"12","author":"Alam","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105574","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2023.105574","article-title":"Melanin: A promising source of functional food ingredient","volume":"105","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Berliner, D.L., Erwin, R.L., and McGee, D.R. (1993). Methods of Treating Parkinson\u2019s Disease Using Melanin. (US5210076A)."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107773","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2021.107773","article-title":"Microbial melanin: Recent advances in biosynthesis, extraction, characterization, and applications","volume":"53","author":"Singh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Adv."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blumenberg, M. (2017). Production of Melanin Pigment by Fungi and Its Biotechnological Applications. Melanin, IntechOpen.","DOI":"10.5772\/63257"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"405","article-title":"Progress of Research on Melanin in Foods and Their Materials","volume":"43","author":"Sheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Technol. Food Ind."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3774","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.1239","article-title":"Comprehensive utilization of edible mushroom Auricularia auricula waste residue\u2014Extraction, physicochemical properties of melanin and its antioxidant activity","volume":"7","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/S0308-8146(96)00215-4","article-title":"Purification, characterisation and analysis of melanin extracted from Tuber melanosporum Vitt","volume":"58","author":"Harki","year":"1997","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burmasova, M.A., Utebaeva, A.A., Sysoeva, E.V., and Sysoeva, M.A. (2019). Melanins of Inonotus obliquus: Bifidogenic and Antioxidant Properties. Biomolecules, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom9060248"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2021.131171","article-title":"Isolation and identification of pigments from oyster mushrooms with black, yellow and pink caps","volume":"372","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6106","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-90557-4","article-title":"Neuroprotective effects of melanins and melanin derivatives from Calvatia craniiformis and Xylaria plebeja against Parkinsonian toxins","volume":"15","author":"Nguyen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nguyen, H.A.T., Ho, T.P., Mangelings, D., Van Eeckhaut, A., Vander Heyden, Y., and Tran, H.T.M. (2024). Antioxidant, neuroprotective, and neuroblastoma cells (SH-SY5Y) differentiation effects of melanins and arginine-modified melanins from Daedaleopsis tricolor and Fomes fomentarius. BMC Biotechnol., 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12896-024-00918-6"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/s44462-025-00055-z","article-title":"Research progress on the molecular structure, biosynthetic mechanism, and multidisciplinary applications of natural melanin","volume":"2","author":"Yin","year":"2026","journal-title":"Agric. Prod. Process. Storage"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1007\/s11274-022-03415-0","article-title":"Melanin of fungi: From classification to application","volume":"38","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2490","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2012.06.120","article-title":"Physicochemical characteristics and antioxidant activity of arginine-modified melanin from Lachnum YM-346","volume":"135","author":"Ye","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nosanchuk, J.D., Stark, R.E., and Casadevall, A. (2015). Fungal Melanin: What do We Know About Structure?. Front. Microbiol., 6.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2015.01463"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.13.4.708","article-title":"Pathogenic Roles for Fungal Melanins","volume":"13","author":"Jacobson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-011-3777-2","article-title":"Synthesis and assembly of fungal melanin","volume":"93","author":"Eisenman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1186\/s13068-025-02712-8","article-title":"From the bench to the reactor: Engineered filamentous fungi for biochemical and biomaterial production","volume":"18","author":"Subramanian","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Biofuels Bioprod."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M\u00e9rillon, J.-M., and Ramawat, K.G. (2017). Melanin Pigments of Fungi. Fungal Metabolites, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-25001-4"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1817","DOI":"10.63369\/ijat.2025.21.5.1817-1832","article-title":"A new record of Auricularia thailandica in Vietnam and its biological characteristics","volume":"21","author":"Huong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Agric. Technol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.afres.2026.102275","article-title":"Effects of different Extraction Methods and Arginine Modification on the Physicochemical Properties and Biological Activities of Fungal and Slime Mold Melanins","volume":"6","author":"Lai","year":"2026","journal-title":"Appl. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02737906","article-title":"Melanin pigments from the fungi Paecilomyces variotii and Aspergillus carbonarius","volume":"36","author":"Babitskaya","year":"2000","journal-title":"Appl. Biochem. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xie, Z.-F., Zhang, W.-W., Zhao, S.-Y., Zhang, X.-H., You, S.-N., Liu, C.-M., and Zhang, G.-Q. (2025). Isolation and Structural Characterization of Melanins from Red and Yellow Varieties of Stropharia rugosoannulata. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26146985"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9949453","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/9949453","article-title":"N-Acetylcysteine: A Review of Clinical Usefulness (an Old Drug with New Tricks)","volume":"2021","author":"Schwalfenberg","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2025.110527","article-title":"The neuroprotective effects of N-acetylcysteine in psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders: From modulation of glutamatergic transmission to restoration of synaptic plasticity","volume":"278","author":"Chakraborty","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2020.03.024","article-title":"Chapter Ten\u2014Hormesis: A potential strategic approach to the treatment of neurodegenerative disease","volume":"Volume 155","author":"Esterline","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Review of Neurobiology"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.2174\/1874437001408010174","article-title":"Microscopic Investigation on Fungal Pigment Formation and its Morphology in Wood Substrates","volume":"8","author":"Tudor","year":"2014","journal-title":"Open Mycol. J."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.8b05071","article-title":"Scalable Biosynthesis of Melanin by the Basidiomycete Armillaria cepistipes","volume":"67","author":"Ribera","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1002\/jobm.201900295","article-title":"Production of melanin pigments in saprophytic fungi in vitro and during infection","volume":"59","author":"Chongkae","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Basic Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120041","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.120041","article-title":"A comprehensive review of the metabolites, biological activities, and clinical application of a medicinal fungus Xylaria nigripes","volume":"350","author":"Liang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1111\/pcmr.12121","article-title":"Melanins and melanogenesis: Methods, standards, protocols","volume":"26","author":"Wakamatsu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pigm. Cell Melanoma Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arunachalam, K., and Sreeja, P.S. (2025). MTT Assay Protocol. Advanced Cell and Molecular Techniques: Protocols for In Vitro and In Vivo Studies, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-0716-4518-5"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6235641","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/6235641","article-title":"Redox Homeostasis and Cellular Antioxidant Systems: Crucial Players in Cancer Growth and Therapy","volume":"2016","author":"Marengo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell Longev."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2014.5952","article-title":"Molecular strategies for targeting antioxidants to mitochondria: Therapeutic implications","volume":"22","author":"Apostolova","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procbio.2018.09.007","article-title":"Structure, molecular modification and anti-tumor activity of melanin from Lachnum singerianum","volume":"76","author":"Ye","year":"2019","journal-title":"Process Biochem."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7443","DOI":"10.1007\/s11694-024-02739-9","article-title":"The physicochemical properties and antioxidant and bacteriostatic activities of Auricularia auricula melanin modificated by Arginine","volume":"18","author":"Xue","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Food Meas. Charact."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1002\/jobm.202000430","article-title":"Comparison of physicochemical and biochemical properties of natural and arginine-modified melanin from medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum","volume":"60","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Basic Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149731","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2024.149731","article-title":"Reexamining the diverse functions of arginine in biochemistry","volume":"705","author":"Gupta","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-022-00591-z","article-title":"Guidelines for measuring reactive oxygen species and oxidative damage in cells and in vivo","volume":"4","author":"Murphy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Metab."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1007\/s12013-017-0793-6","article-title":"Redox Active Transition Metal ions Make Melanin Susceptible to Chemical Degradation Induced by Organic Peroxide","volume":"75","author":"Zadlo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Risiglione, P., Leggio, L., Cubisino, S.A.M., Reina, S., Patern\u00f2, G., Marchetti, B., Magr\u00ec, A., Iraci, N., and Messina, A. (2020). High-Resolution Respirometry Reveals MPP(+) Mitochondrial Toxicity Mechanism in a Cellular Model of Parkinson\u2019s Disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21217809"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-60761-411-1_4","article-title":"Identification of ROS using oxidized DCFDA and flow-cytometry","volume":"594","author":"Eruslanov","year":"2010","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"61","article-title":"Media composition: Salts and osmolality","volume":"912","author":"Baltz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"Olaizola, C. (2012). Isolation, Characterization and Assessment of the Photoprotective Effect of Two Fungal Melanins. [Master\u2019s Thesis, University of British Columbia]."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16649","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-94598-3","article-title":"Pyomelanin produced by Streptomyces sp. ZL-24 and its protective effects against SH-SY5Y cells injury induced by hydrogen peroxide","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40543-022-00365-y","article-title":"Comparative proteomics study of mitochondrial electron transport system modulation in SH-SY5Y cells following MPP+ versus 6-OHDA-induced neurodegeneration","volume":"14","author":"Hyon","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Anal. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kato, T.A. (2025). DCFDA Assay for Oxidative Stress Measurement in Fluorometer. DNA Damage Detection: Methods and Protocols, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-0716-4574-1_12"}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/31\/17\/3135\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T04:34:12Z","timestamp":1788928452000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/31\/17\/3135"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules31173135"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules31173135","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]]}}}