{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T05:08:52Z","timestamp":1789016932489,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":174,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788825600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001321","name":"South African National Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PMDS22070735329"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PMDS22070735329"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001321","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001322","name":"South African Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05q60vz69","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second leading cause of cancer-associated mortality and accounts for ~10% of all cancer cases. Global CRC cases were estimated at 1.9 million and 930,000 deaths in 2022. Despite improved access to CRC screening and treatment, death rates are expected to drastically increase in low-resource areas, highlighting an urgent need for innovative CRC treatment interventions. Current chemotherapy presents challenges, such as poor bioavailability, multidrug resistance, and adverse bystander effects. Therefore, it is imperative to develop new and CRC-specific therapeutic strategies. Targeted therapy has significantly improved drug delivery and efficacy in the treatment of various diseases, including cancer. Although several preclinical studies are currently ongoing in cancer therapy, there is a paucity of information about targeted CRC treatment. Hence, this review highlights the promising role of aptamer- and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs)-based systems for targeted CRC treatment. This strategy leverages the unique properties of aptamers and AuNPs as drug carriers, targeting and therapeutic agents. Overall, aptamers in combination with AuNPs are projected to improve the delivery of chemotherapeutics to CRC cells. However, further studies are warranted to validate the biodistribution and safety profile of aptamer- and AuNPs-based systems as potential tools for CRC treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31183150","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T10:00:04Z","timestamp":1788861604000},"page":"3150","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Targeted Strategies for Treatment of Colorectal Cancer: Exploring the Use of Aptamers and Gold Nanoparticles"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4060-6069","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bolu Bimbola","family":"Oladunjoye","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanobiotechnology Research Group, Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Science, Technology and Innovation (DSTI)\/Technology Innovation Agency Nanotechnology Platform, Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa"},{"name":"DSTI\/National Research Foundation SARChI Chair: Sustainable Nanotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7175-5388","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicole Remaliah Samantha","family":"Sibuyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanobiotechnology Research Group, Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Science, Technology and Innovation (DSTI)\/Technology Innovation Agency Nanotechnology Platform, Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa"},{"name":"DSTI\/National Research Foundation SARChI Chair: Sustainable Nanotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa"},{"name":"South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC)\/UNIVEN\/Mintek Digital Health and AI for Occupational Health-Mining Sector Research Unit, Advanced Materials Division, Mintek, Private Bag X3015, Randburg 2125, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2745-0242","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mich\u00e9 Desline","family":"Meyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Science, Technology and Innovation (DSTI)\/Technology Innovation Agency Nanotechnology Platform, Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa"},{"name":"DSTI\/National Research Foundation SARChI Chair: Sustainable Nanotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8296-4860","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mervin","family":"Meyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Science, Technology and Innovation (DSTI)\/Technology Innovation Agency Nanotechnology Platform, Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa"},{"name":"DSTI\/National Research Foundation SARChI Chair: Sustainable Nanotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3935-467X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abram Madimabe","family":"Madiehe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanobiotechnology Research Group, Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Science, Technology and Innovation (DSTI)\/Technology Innovation Agency Nanotechnology Platform, Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa"},{"name":"DSTI\/National Research Foundation SARChI Chair: Sustainable Nanotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"WHO (2026, July 02). Colorectal Cancer. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/colorectal-cancer."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.2174\/0115748928251754230922095544","article-title":"Matrix Metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2): As an Essential Factor in Cancer Progression","volume":"20","author":"Reddy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Recent Pat. Anticancer Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, H., Han, S., Dong, C., and Liu, Z. (2024). Advancements in conventional cancer therapy combined with immunotherapy. Endosc. Ultrasound.","DOI":"10.1097\/ot9.0000000000000067"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2141","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.6371","article-title":"Saponins as chemosensitizing substances that improve effectiveness and selectivity of anticancer drug\u2014Minireview of in vitro studies","volume":"33","author":"Koczurkiewicz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phyther. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1007\/s12032-023-01954-6","article-title":"Chemotherapy: How to reduce its adverse effects while maintaining the potency?","volume":"40","author":"Brianna","year":"2023","journal-title":"Med. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3655","DOI":"10.1038\/s41388-021-01811-8","article-title":"Antibody-based cancer therapy","volume":"40","author":"Goydel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106614","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2025.106614","article-title":"Designing multivalent aptamers: Recent advancements in diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for cancer treatment","volume":"105","author":"Moradi","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"032019","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899X\/263\/3\/032019","article-title":"A review on the classification, characterisation, synthesis of nanoparticles and their application","volume":"263","author":"Ealias","year":"2017","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.glohj.2023.02.008","article-title":"Applications of nanotechnology in medical field: A brief review","volume":"7","author":"Haleem","year":"2023","journal-title":"Glob. Health J."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.3892\/mco.2014.356","article-title":"Passive targeting of nanoparticles to cancer: A comprehensive review of the literature","volume":"2","author":"Bazak","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13549","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2232479100","article-title":"Nanoshell-mediated near-infrared thermal therapy of tumors under magnetic resonance guidance","volume":"100","author":"Hirsch","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1007\/s11671-007-9104-2","article-title":"In Vitro Structural and Functional Evaluation of Gold Nanoparticles Conjugated Antibiotics","volume":"2","author":"Saha","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nanoscale Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-007-9257-9","article-title":"Chitosan Reduced Gold Nanoparticles as Novel Carriers for Transmucosal Delivery of Insulin","volume":"24","author":"Bhumkar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1007\/s13346-022-01232-4","article-title":"Clinical translation of gold nanoparticles","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Drug Deliv. Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123659","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2023.123659","article-title":"Rational approach to design gold nanoparticles for photothermal therapy: The effect of gold salt on physicochemical, optical and biological properties","volume":"650","author":"Nunes","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-018-2467-z","article-title":"In vitro outlook of gold nanoparticles in photo-thermal therapy: A literature review","volume":"33","author":"Norouzi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lasers Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6207","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S176928","article-title":"Gold nanoparticles enhance cisplatin delivery and potentiate chemotherapy by decompressing colorectal cancer vessels","volume":"13","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3815","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-22172-5","article-title":"Target delivery of doxorubicin tethered with PVP stabilized gold nanoparticles for effective treatment of lung cancer","volume":"8","author":"Ramalingam","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2007.04.016","article-title":"Disruption of HepG2 cell adhesion by gold nanoparticle and Paclitaxel disclosed by in situ QCM measurement","volume":"59","author":"Wei","year":"2007","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1021\/mp060132k","article-title":"Methotrexate conjugated to gold nanoparticles inhibits tumor growth in a syngeneic lung tumor model","volume":"4","author":"Chen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El Hallal, R., Lyu, N., and Wang, Y. (2021). Effect of Cetuximab-Conjugated Gold Nanoparticles on the Cytotoxicity and Phenotypic Evolution of Colorectal Cancer Cells. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26030567"},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"WHO (2026, July 02). Global Cancer Burden Growing, Amidst Mounting Need for Services. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news\/item\/01-02-2024-global-cancer-burden-growing--amidst-mounting-need-for-services."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2892","DOI":"10.1021\/nn901884d","article-title":"Spatiotemporal Temperature Distribution and Cancer Cell Death in Response to Extracellular Hyperthermia Induced by Gold Nanorods","volume":"4","author":"Huang","year":"2010","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar, P.P.P., and Lim, D.K. (2023). Photothermal Effect of Gold Nanoparticles as a Nanomedicine for Diagnosis and Therapeutics. Pharmaceuticals, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15092349"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aboyewa, J.A., Sibuyi, N.R.S., Meyer, M., and Oguntibeju, O.O. (2021). Gold Nanoparticles Synthesized Using Extracts of Cyclopia intermedia, Commonly Known as Honeybush, Amplify the Cytotoxic Effects of Doxorubicin. Nanomaterials, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano11010132"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102954","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2021.102954","article-title":"Aptamer-conjugated gold nanoparticles for targeted paclitaxel delivery and photothermal therapy in breast cancer","volume":"67","author":"Kadkhoda","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102500","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctrv.2022.102500","article-title":"The evolving therapeutic landscape of trastuzumab-drug conjugates: Future perspectives beyond HER2-positive breast cancer","volume":"113","author":"Caltavituro","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Treat. Rev."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e214708","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.4708","article-title":"Estimated Projection of US Cancer Incidence and Death to 2040","volume":"4","author":"Rahib","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00810","article-title":"Gold Nanoparticles in Cancer Treatment","volume":"16","author":"Sztandera","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"3121","article-title":"Cancer Causes and Treatments","volume":"11","author":"Saini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mansour, R., Al-Ani, A., Al-Hussaini, M., Abdel-Razeq, H., Al-Ibraheem, A., and Mansour, A.H. (2024). Modifiable risk factors for cancer in the middle East and North Africa: A scoping review. BMC Public Health, 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-17787-5"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6601509","article-title":"Modifiable risk factors for cancer","volume":"90","author":"Stein","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.20892\/j.issn.2095-3941.2020.0387","article-title":"Cancer burden in China: Trends, risk factors and prevention","volume":"17","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2011.02.013","article-title":"Hallmarks of Cancer: The Next Generation","volume":"144","author":"Hanahan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200358","DOI":"10.1098\/rsob.200358","article-title":"Hallmarks of cancer\u2014The new testament","volume":"11","author":"Senga","year":"2021","journal-title":"Open Biol."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"983","article-title":"ST6GAL1: A key player in cancer","volume":"18","author":"Garnham","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oncol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1565","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(25)01635-6","article-title":"The global, regional, and national burden of cancer, 1990\u20132023, with forecasts to 2050: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2023","volume":"406","author":"Force","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gmeiner, W.H. (2024). Recent Advances in Therapeutic Strategies to Improve Colorectal Cancer Treatment. Cancers, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers16051029"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1007\/s10555-023-10158-3","article-title":"Colorectal cancer: A comprehensive review of carcinogenesis, diagnosis, and novel strategies for classified treatments","volume":"43","author":"Abedizadeh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Metastasis Rev."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roshandel, G., Ghasemi-Kebria, F., and Malekzadeh, R. (2024). Colorectal Cancer: Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Prevention. Cancers, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers16081530"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sawicki, T., Ruszkowska, M., Danielewicz, A., Nied\u017awiedzka, E., Ar\u0142ukowicz, T., and Przyby\u0142owicz, K.E. (2021). A Review of Colorectal Cancer in Terms of Epidemiology, Risk Factors, Development, Symptoms and Diagnosis. Cancers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13092025"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2021.01.037","article-title":"Risk Factors for Early-Onset Colorectal Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"20","author":"Sutherland","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e22900","DOI":"10.1002\/jbt.22900","article-title":"The current knowledge concerning solid cancer and therapy","volume":"35","author":"Najafi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Biochem. Mol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2022.114445","article-title":"Opportunities and challenges for co-delivery nanomedicines based on combination of phytochemicals with chemotherapeutic drugs in cancer treatment","volume":"188","author":"Gao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9663","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-023-08809-3","article-title":"Cancer treatment therapies: Traditional to modern approaches to combat cancers","volume":"50","author":"Kaur","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20503121211034366","DOI":"10.1177\/20503121211034366","article-title":"New approaches and procedures for cancer treatment: Current perspectives","volume":"9","author":"Debela","year":"2021","journal-title":"SAGE Open Med."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.1038\/s43018-023-00619-7","article-title":"Harnessing progress in radiotherapy for global cancer control","volume":"4","author":"Jaffray","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"437","article-title":"Radiation therapy-associated toxicity: Etiology, management, and prevention","volume":"71","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/s10585-017-9867-5","article-title":"Radiation therapy-induced metastasis: Radiobiology and clinical implications","volume":"35","author":"Blyth","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Metastasis"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kciuk, M., Yahya, E.B., Mohamed Ibrahim Mohamed, M., Rashid, S., Iqbal, M.O., Kontek, R., Abdulsamad, M.A., and Allaq, A.A. (2023). Recent Advances in Molecular Mechanisms of Cancer Immunotherapy. Cancers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15102721"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1873","DOI":"10.1002\/wnan.1873","article-title":"Improved cancer immunotherapy strategies by nanomedicine","volume":"15","author":"Guo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Nanomed. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Kesharwani, P. (2024). Current status, challenges, and future perspective of nanomedicine-based cancer immunotherapy. Nanomedicine in Cancer Immunotherapy, Academic Press. Chapter 15."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bai, X., Wang, Y., Song, Z., Feng, Y., Chen, Y., Zhang, D., and Feng, L. (2020). The Basic Properties of Gold Nanoparticles and their Applications in Tumor Diagnosis and Treatment. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21072480"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Palumbo, M.O., Kavan, P., Miller, W.H., Panasci, L., Assouline, S., Johnson, N., Cohen, V., Patenaude, F., Pollak, M., and Jagoe, R.T. (2013). Systemic cancer therapy: Achievements and challenges that lie ahead. Front. Pharmacol., 4.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2013.00057"},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"583","article-title":"Advancements in cancer chemotherapy","volume":"8","author":"Koper","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phys. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1080\/00914037.2020.1869737","article-title":"Progress in nanomedicine-based drug delivery in designing of chitosan nanoparticles for cancer therapy","volume":"71","author":"Ahmad","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Polym. Mater. Polym. Biomater."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"1","article-title":"Nanotechnology and its application: A review","volume":"304","author":"Sharma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nanotechnol. Cancer Manag. Precise Diagn. Towar. Pers. Health Care"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1007\/s10311-017-0612-8","article-title":"Nanotechnology innovations, industrial applications and patents","volume":"15","author":"Singh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nantod.2017.06.008","article-title":"Evolution and clinical translation of drug delivery nanomaterials","volume":"15","author":"Hassan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nano Today"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, D., Sun, L., Huang, L., and Chen, Y. (2021). Nanodrug Delivery Systems Modulate Tumor Vessels to Increase the Enhanced Permeability and Retention Effect. J. Pers. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm11020124"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"da Silva, J.T., and Amaral, A.C. (2020). Nanotechnology for antifungal therapy. Nanobiotechnology in Diagnosis, Drug Delivery and Treatment, John Wiley and Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119671732.ch13"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5552","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1603840113","article-title":"Preventing diet-induced obesity in mice by adipose tissue transformation and angiogenesis using targeted nanoparticles","volume":"113","author":"Xue","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1049\/nbt2.12026","article-title":"Alleviation of diabetic nephropathy by zinc oxide nanoparticles in streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetes in rats","volume":"15","author":"Alomari","year":"2021","journal-title":"IET Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5233","DOI":"10.1021\/la800305j","article-title":"Shape- and Size-Dependent Refractive Index Sensitivity of Gold Nanoparticles","volume":"24","author":"Chen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.9734\/jamps\/2022\/v24i330288","article-title":"An Overview of FDA Approved Liposome Formulations for Cancer Therapy","volume":"24","author":"Gajera","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Adv. Med. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gatto, M.S., Johnson, M.P., and Najahi-Missaoui, W. (2024). Targeted Liposomal Drug Delivery: Overview of the Current Applications and Challenges. Life, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/life14060672"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5095","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-55185-4","article-title":"A real-world analysis of FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) events for liposomal and conventional doxorubicins","volume":"14","author":"Su","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3001","DOI":"10.2147\/OTT.S105587","article-title":"Onivyde for the therapy of multiple solid tumors","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Onco. Targets. Ther."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"100778","article-title":"Emerging frontiers in nanomedicine targeted therapy for prostate cancer","volume":"37","author":"Adekiya","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Treat. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdl104","article-title":"Abraxane\u00ae, a novel Cremophor\u00ae-free, albumin-bound particle form of paclitaxel for the treatment of advanced non-small-cell lung cancer","volume":"17","author":"Green","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ejigah, V., Owoseni, O., Bataille-Backer, P., Ogundipe, O.D., Fisusi, F.A., and Adesina, S.K. (2022). Approaches to Improve Macromolecule and Nanoparticle Accumulation in the Tumor Microenvironment by the Enhanced Permeability and Retention Effect. Polym., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14132601"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2023.07.008","article-title":"Stage-specific treatment of colorectal cancer: A microRNA-nanocomposite approach","volume":"13","author":"Fadaka","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Anal."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hossain, M.S., Karuniawati, H., Jairoun, A.A., Urbi, Z., Ooi, D.J., John, A., Lim, Y.C., Kibria, K.K., Mohiuddin, A.K.M., and Ming, L.C. (2022). Colorectal Cancer: A Review of Carcinogenesis, Global Epidemiology, Current Challenges, Risk Factors, Preventive and Treatment Strategies. Cancers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14071732"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1186\/s11671-021-03632-w","article-title":"Multifunctional Gold Nanoparticles for Improved Diagnostic and Therapeutic Applications: A Review","volume":"16","author":"Sibuyi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nanoscale Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1039\/B821763G","article-title":"Goldnanostructures: A class of multifunctional materials for biomedical applications","volume":"40","author":"Cobley","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_76","first-page":"1013","article-title":"Effect of Size on Gold Nanoparticles in Radiation Therapy: Uptake and Survival Effects","volume":"2","author":"Sah","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Nano Med."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2017.04.060","article-title":"SN38 conjugated hyaluronic acid gold nanoparticles as a novel system against metastatic colon cancer cells","volume":"526","author":"Hosseinzadeh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-023-01798-8","article-title":"Gold nanoparticles and gold nanorods in the landscape of cancer therapy","volume":"22","author":"Kesharwani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bai, R., Chen, N., Li, L., Du, N., Bai, L., Lv, Z., Tian, H., and Cui, J. (2020). Mechanisms of Cancer Resistance to Immunotherapy. Front. Oncol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2020.01290"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102597","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cis.2021.102597","article-title":"Synthesis of nanomaterials using various top-down and bottom-up approaches, influencing factors, advantages, and disadvantages: A review","volume":"300","author":"Abid","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burlec, A.F., Corciova, A., Boev, M., Batir-Marin, D., Mircea, C., Cioanca, O., Danila, G., Danila, M., Bucur, A.F., and Hancianu, M. (2023). Current Overview of Metal Nanoparticles\u2019 Synthesis, Characterization, and Biomedical Applications, with a Focus on Silver and Gold Nanoparticles. Pharmaceuticals, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph16101410"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9823","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S279094","article-title":"A review on the synthesis and functionalization of gold nanoparticles as a drug delivery vehicle","volume":"15","author":"Amina","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1007\/s10876-022-02287-6","article-title":"Gold Nanoparticles: Synthesis Methods, Functionalization and Biological Applications","volume":"34","author":"Patil","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clust. Sci."},{"key":"ref_84","first-page":"29","article-title":"Metallic nanoparticles for biomedical applications","volume":"16","author":"Illath","year":"2021","journal-title":"Springer Ser. Biomater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.3109\/21691401.2014.971807","article-title":"Current methods for synthesis of gold nanoparticles","volume":"44","author":"Herizchi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Artif. Cells Nanomed. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_86","first-page":"516","article-title":"A review on biogenic synthesis of gold nanoparticles, characterization, and its applications","volume":"3","author":"Menon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Resour.-Effic. Technol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10876-020-01955-9","article-title":"Biomedical Applications of Functionalized Gold Nanoparticles: A Review","volume":"33","author":"Nejati","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clust. Sci."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.3390\/nano1010031","article-title":"Functionalized Gold Nanoparticles and Their Biomedical Applications","volume":"1","author":"Tiwari","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nanomaterials"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dheyab, M.A., Aziz, A.A., Moradi Khaniabadi, P., Jameel, M.S., Oladzadabbasabadi, N., Mohammed, S.A., Abdullah, R.S., and Mehrdel, B. (2022). Monodisperse Gold Nanoparticles: A Review on Synthesis and Their Application in Modern Medicine. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23137400"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2715","DOI":"10.1021\/acsabm.8b00748","article-title":"Inclusion of Quercetin in Gold Nanoparticles Decorated with Supramolecular Hosts Amplifies Its Tumor Targeting Properties","volume":"2","author":"Yilmaz","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Bio Mater."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2022.112481","article-title":"Recent advances in nanogold as a promising nanocarrier for curcumin delivery","volume":"215","author":"Mahmoudi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2016.09.076","article-title":"Gold nanoparticles enhance 5-fluorouracil anticancer efficacy against colorectal cancer cells","volume":"513","author":"Safwat","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2017.08.063","article-title":"Doxorubicin-loaded oligonucleotide conjugated gold nanoparticles: A promising in vivo drug delivery system for colorectal cancer therapy","volume":"142","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liszbinski, R.B., Romagnoli, G.G., Gorgulho, C.M., Basso, C.R., Pedrosa, V.A., and Kaneno, R. (2020). Anti-EGFR-Coated Gold Nanoparticles In Vitro Carry 5-Fluorouracil to Colorectal Cancer Cells. Pharmaceuticals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13020375"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1039\/D3PM00027C","article-title":"A comprehensive investigation of the biophysical approach for aptamer functionalized nanoparticles in cancer therapy: A review","volume":"1","author":"Navaneeth","year":"2024","journal-title":"RSC Pharm."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8166","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-019-07511-x","article-title":"An eco-friendly synthesis of Enterococcus sp.\u2013mediated gold nanoparticle induces cytotoxicity in human colorectal cancer cells","volume":"27","author":"Vairavel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1007\/s12247-026-10724-6","article-title":"Development of Regorafenib Conjugated Gold Nanoparticles for the Treatment of Colorectal Cancer: Box\u2013Behnken Optimized, Characterization, and In-vitro Biological Study Against HCT116 Cell Line","volume":"21","author":"Mohanty","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Innov."},{"key":"ref_98","first-page":"66","article-title":"In-vitro investigation of curcumin coated gold nanoparticles effect on human colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line","volume":"7","author":"Abolfazl","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nanomed. Res. J."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2023.06.001","article-title":"Applications and safety of gold nanoparticles as therapeutic devices in clinical trials","volume":"13","author":"Yao","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Anal."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2115","DOI":"10.1021\/ja057254a","article-title":"Cancer Cell Imaging and Photothermal Therapy in the Near-Infrared Region by Using Gold Nanorods","volume":"128","author":"Huang","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"018001","DOI":"10.1117\/1.3290817","article-title":"Photothermal therapy in a murine colon cancer model using near-infrared absorbing gold nanorods","volume":"15","author":"Goodrich","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Opt."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ochoa-Hugo, S.E., Valdivia-Avi\u00f1a, K., Guti\u00e9rrez-Mercado, Y.K., Canales-Aguirre, A.A., Chaparro-Huerta, V., Aguilar-Lemarroy, A., Jave-Su\u00e1rez, L.F., Cano-Gonz\u00e1lez, M.E., Topete, A., and Molina-Pineda, A. (2025). Chemophotothermal Combined Therapy with 5-Fluorouracil and Branched Gold Nanoshell Hyperthermia Induced a Reduction in Tumor Size in a Xenograft Colon Cancer Model. Pharmaceutics, 17.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202506.2526.v1"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1449","DOI":"10.1002\/wnan.1449","article-title":"Gold nanoparticle-mediated photothermal therapy: Applications and opportunities for multimodal cancer treatment","volume":"9","author":"Riley","year":"2017","journal-title":"Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Nanomed. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4254","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.9b18855","article-title":"Platinum(II) Drug-Loaded Gold Nanoshells for Chemo-Photothermal Therapy in Colorectal Cancer","volume":"12","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2019.04.019","article-title":"Enzyme-conjugated gold nanoparticles for combined enzyme and photothermal therapy of colon cancer cells","volume":"572","author":"Khiavi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2022.122134","article-title":"In vivo efficacy of verteporfin loaded gold nanorods for combined photothermal\/photodynamic colon cancer therapy","volume":"625","author":"Licciardi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Costantini, P.E., Di Giosia, M., Ulfo, L., Petrosino, A., Saporetti, R., Fimognari, C., Pompa, P.P., Danielli, A., Turrini, E., and Boselli, L. (2021). Spiky Gold Nanoparticles for the Photothermal Eradication of Colon Cancer Cells. Nanomaterials, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano11061608"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7689","DOI":"10.1166\/jnn.2016.12570","article-title":"Optical Hyperthermia Using Anti-Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor-Conjugated Gold Nanorods to Induce Cell Death in Glioblastoma Cell Lines","volume":"16","author":"Pisarchyk","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5362","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.27631","article-title":"A Biomimetic Gold Nanocages-Based Nanoplatform for Efficient Tumor Ablation and Reduced Inflammation","volume":"8","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2903","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S248327","article-title":"The pimpled gold nanosphere: A superior candidate for plasmonic photothermal therapy","volume":"15","author":"Nasseri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2008.04.026","article-title":"Gold nanorod assisted near-infrared plasmonic photothermal therapy (PPTT) of squamous cell carcinoma in mice","volume":"269","author":"Dickerson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kang, M.S., Lee, S.Y., Kim, K.S., and Han, D.W. (2020). State of the Art Biocompatible Gold Nanoparticles for Cancer Theragnosis. Pharmaceuticals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics12080701"},{"key":"ref_113","first-page":"100991","article-title":"Toxicity of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs): A review","volume":"26","author":"Sani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Rep."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6574","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2010.05.009","article-title":"Biodistribution of PEG-modified gold nanoparticles following intratracheal instillation and intravenous injection","volume":"31","author":"Lipka","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2010.02.046","article-title":"Bioaccumulation and toxicity of gold nanoparticles after repeated administration in mice","volume":"393","author":"Barria","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2013.03.080","article-title":"The effect of primary particle size on biodistribution of inhaled gold nano-agglomerates","volume":"34","author":"Balasubramanian","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_117","first-page":"1","article-title":"Gold nanoparticles: Distribution, bioaccumulation and toxicity. In vitro and in vivo studies","volume":"14","author":"Bettmer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nanomedicine"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-007-9467-3","article-title":"Immunonanoshells for targeted photothermal ablation in medulloblastoma and glioma: An in vitro evaluation using human cell lines","volume":"86","author":"Bernardi","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neuro-Oncol."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lobo-Casta\u00f1\u00f3n, M.J., and D\u00edaz-Fern\u00e1ndez, A. (2025). Aptamer-Based Strategies for Colorectal Cancer Detection: Emerging Technologies and Future Directions. Biosensors, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/bios15110726"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Underwood, P.W., Ruff, S.M., and Pawlik, T.M. (2024). Update on Targeted Therapy and Immunotherapy for Metastatic Colorectal Cancer. Cells, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13030245"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1186\/s12935-024-03295-4","article-title":"Aptamers as an approach to targeted cancer therapy","volume":"24","author":"Mahmoudian","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Cell Int."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohammadinejad, A., Gaman, L.E., Aleyaghoob, G., Gaceu, L., Mohajeri, S.A., Moga, M.A., and Badea, M. (2024). Aptamer-Based Targeting of Cancer: A Powerful Tool for Diagnostic and Therapeutic Aims. Biosensors, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/bios14020078"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12035","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.0c01140","article-title":"Aptamer-Based Detection of Circulating Targets for Precision Medicine","volume":"121","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ni, S., Yao, H., Wang, L., Lu, J., Jiang, F., Lu, A., and Zhang, G. (2017). Chemical Modifications of Nucleic Acid Aptamers for Therapeutic Purposes. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18081683"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Lai, B.S., and Juhas, M. (2019). Recent Advances in Aptamer Discovery and Applications. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24050941"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2200121","article-title":"Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential Enrichment: RNA Ligands to Bacteriophage T4 DNA Polymerase","volume":"249","author":"Tuerk","year":"1990","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1038\/355850a0","article-title":"Selection in vitro of single-stranded DNA molecules that fold into specific ligand-binding structures","volume":"355","author":"Ellington","year":"1992","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2021.122274","article-title":"Capture-SELEX for aptamer selection: A short review","volume":"229","author":"Lyu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Komarova, N., and Kuznetsov, A. (2019). Inside the Black Box: What Makes SELEX Better?. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24193598"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmcl.2020.127278","article-title":"DNA aptamers selection for carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)","volume":"30","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6998","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2014.04.112","article-title":"Cell-SELEX-based selection of aptamers that recognize distinct targets on metastatic colorectal cancer cells","volume":"35","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-025-03813-0","article-title":"Immobilization-free SELEX for aptamer discovery targeting colorectal cancer-derived small extracellular vesicles","volume":"23","author":"Lee","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnology"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1572","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2019.11.185","article-title":"In-Silico Selection of Aptamer: A Review on the Revolutionary Approach to Understand the Aptamer Design and Interaction Through Computational Chemistry","volume":"19","author":"Sabri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mater. Today Proc."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2300584","DOI":"10.1002\/adbi.202300584","article-title":"Aptamers: Promising Reagents in Biomedicine Application","volume":"8","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Biol."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2018.04.007","article-title":"Aptamer chemistry","volume":"134","author":"Hollenstein","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymeth.2016.04.020","article-title":"Aptamers: The \u2018evolution\u2019 of SELEX","volume":"106","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.14737\/journal.aavs\/2014.2.1.50.55","article-title":"Nucleic Acid Aptamers as an Emerging Diagnostic Tool for Animal Pathogens","volume":"2","author":"Sharma","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Anim. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137994","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2021.137994","article-title":"Aptamers in biomedicine: Selection strategies and recent advances","volume":"376","author":"Hosu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santarpia, G., and Carnes, E. (2024). Therapeutic Applications of Aptamers. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202405.1428.v1"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Byun, J. (2021). Recent Progress and Opportunities for Nucleic Acid Aptamers. Life, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/life11030193"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1038\/s41699-021-00202-7","article-title":"2D graphene oxide\u2013aptamer conjugate materials for cancer diagnosis","volume":"5","author":"Sekhon","year":"2021","journal-title":"npj 2D Mater. Appl."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"gkaf219","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkaf219","article-title":"Exploring the relationship between aptamer binding thermodynamics, affinity, and specificity","volume":"53","author":"Alkhamis","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fu, Z., and Xiang, J. (2020). Aptamer-Functionalized Nanoparticles in Targeted Delivery and Cancer Therapy. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21239123"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1902776","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201902776","article-title":"Anti-VEGF-Aptamer Modified C-Dots\u2014A Hybrid Nanocomposite for Topical Treatment of Ocular Vascular Disorders","volume":"15","author":"Shoval","year":"2019","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morita, Y., Leslie, M., Kameyama, H., Volk, D.E., and Tanaka, T. (2018). Aptamer Therapeutics in Cancer: Current and Future. Cancers, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers10030080"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)00515-2","article-title":"Effect of the REG1 anticoagulation system versus bivalirudin on outcomes after percutaneous coronary intervention (REGULATE-PCI): A randomised clinical trial","volume":"387","author":"Lincoff","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.17826","article-title":"Simultaneous targeting of CD44 and EpCAM with a bispecific aptamer effectively inhibits intraperitoneal ovarian cancer growth","volume":"7","author":"Zheng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.1007\/s11010-022-04614-x","article-title":"Development and classification of RNA aptamers for therapeutic purposes: An updated review with emphasis on cancer","volume":"478","author":"Razlansari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2062827","DOI":"10.1080\/2162402X.2022.2062827","article-title":"Cell-directed aptamer therapeutic targeting for cancers including those within the central nervous system","volume":"11","author":"Wei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oncoimmunology"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1021\/acsabm.8b00073","article-title":"Selection of Aptamers for Hydrophobic Drug Docetaxel to Improve Its Solubility","volume":"1","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Bio Mater."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trinh, T.L., Zhu, G., Xiao, X., Puszyk, W., Sefah, K., Wu, Q., Tan, W., and Liu, C. (2015). A Synthetic Aptamer-Drug Adduct for Targeted Liver Cancer Therapy. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0136673"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hori, S.I., Herrera, A., Rossi, J.J., and Zhou, J. (2018). Current Advances in Aptamers for Cancer Diagnosis and Therapy. Cancers, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers10010009"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2957","DOI":"10.1158\/1535-7163.MCT-06-0172","article-title":"Discovery and development of anticancer aptamers","volume":"5","author":"Ireson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer Ther."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt1223","article-title":"Cell type\u2013specific delivery of siRNAs with aptamer-siRNA chimeras","volume":"24","author":"JO","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Soldevilla, M.M., de Caso, D.M.C., Menon, A.P., and Pastor, F. (2018). Aptamer-iRNAs as Therapeutics for Cancer Treatment. Pharmaceuticals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph11040108"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkn967","article-title":"Phototoxic aptamers selectively enter and kill epithelial cancer cells","volume":"37","author":"Ferreira","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2014.12.025","article-title":"Aptamer decorated hyaluronan\/chitosan nanoparticles for targeted delivery of 5-fluorouracil to MUC1 overexpressing adenocarcinomas","volume":"121","author":"Ghasemi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1349-7006.2011.01897.x","article-title":"RNA aptamer against a cancer stem cell marker epithelial cell adhesion molecule","volume":"102","author":"Shigdar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cancer Sci."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1186\/s11671-020-03334-9","article-title":"Anti-Epcam Aptamer (Syl3c)-Functionalized Liposome for Targeted Delivery of Doxorubicin: In Vitro and In Vivo Antitumor Studies in Mice Bearing C26 Colon Carcinoma","volume":"15","author":"Mashreghi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nanoscale Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2491","DOI":"10.7150\/jca.85260","article-title":"Molecular Targets of Aptamers in Gastrointestinal Cancers: Cancer Detection, Therapeutic Applications, and Associated Mechanisms","volume":"14","author":"Goh","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3835","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-019-04826-3","article-title":"Enhancement of chemosensitivity in 5-fluorouracil-resistant colon cancer cells with carcinoembryonic antigen-specific RNA aptamer","volume":"46","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1089\/nat.2020.0863","article-title":"A Novel DNA Aptamer Targeting S100P Induces Antitumor Effects in Colorectal Cancer Cells","volume":"30","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nucleic Acid. Ther."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2209","DOI":"10.31557\/APJCP.2021.22.7.2209","article-title":"Anti-Proliferative Effect of Doxorubicin-Loaded AS1411 Aptamer on Colorectal Cancer Cell","volume":"22","author":"Lohlamoh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4696","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.molpharmaceut.9b00867","article-title":"EpCAM Aptamer-Functionalized Cationic Liposome-Based Nanoparticles Loaded with miR-139-5p for Targeted Therapy in Colorectal Cancer","volume":"16","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2280","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.22990","article-title":"Targeted delivery of doxorubicin using a colorectal cancer-specific ssDNA aptamer","volume":"297","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anat. Rec."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4361","DOI":"10.1007\/s13204-022-02701-5","article-title":"Prospects in the use of gold nanoparticles as cancer theranostics and targeted drug delivery agents","volume":"13","author":"Yasin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Nanosci."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2016.02.058","article-title":"Theranostic MUC-1 aptamer targeted gold coated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for magnetic resonance imaging and photothermal therapy of colon cancer","volume":"143","author":"Azhdarzadeh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"baf046","DOI":"10.1093\/biomethods\/bpaf046","article-title":"Advances and future directions of aptamer-functionalized nanoparticles for point-of-care diseases diagnosis","volume":"10","author":"Fasogbon","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biol. Methods Protoc."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Go, G., Lee, C.S., Yoon, Y.M., Lim, J.H., Kim, T.H., and Lee, S.H. (2021). PrPC Aptamer Conjugated\u2013Gold Nanoparticles for Targeted Delivery of Doxorubicin to Colorectal Cancer Cells. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22041976"},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2024.124036","article-title":"Surface modification of hollow gold nanoparticles conducted by incorporating cancer cell membrane and AS1411 aptamer, aiming to achieve a dual-targeted therapy for colorectal cancer","volume":"655","author":"Hassibian","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Mosawi, A.K.M., Bahrami, A.R., Nekooei, S., Saljooghi, A.S., and Matin, M.M. (2023). Using magnetic mesoporous silica nanoparticles armed with EpCAM aptamer as an efficient platform for specific delivery of 5-fluorouracil to colorectal cancer cells. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2022.1095837"},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Odeh, F., Nsairat, H., Alshaer, W., Ismail, M.A., Esawi, E., Qaqish, B., Bawab, A.A., and Ismail, S.I. (2019). Aptamers Chemistry: Chemical Modifications and Conjugation Strategies. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25010003"},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aljohani, M.M., Cialla-May, D., Popp, J., Chinnappan, R., Al-Kattan, K., and Zourob, M. (2022). Aptamers: Potential Diagnostic and Therapeutic Agents for Blood Diseases. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27020383"},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26838","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.4c02466","article-title":"Computational Frontiers in Aptamer-Based Nanomedicine for Precision Therapeutics: A Comprehensive Review","volume":"9","author":"Kumar","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Omega"}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/31\/18\/3150\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T04:29:38Z","timestamp":1789014578000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/31\/18\/3150"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]]},"references-count":174,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules31183150"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules31183150","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]]}}}