{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T05:10:11Z","timestamp":1789017011228,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788825600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Consejo Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnolog\u00eda e Innovaci\u00f3n Tecnol\u00f3gica (CONCYTEC) and the Programa Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n Cient\u00edfica y Estudios Avanzados","award":["PE501089335-2024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PE501089335-2024"]}]},{"name":"Consejo Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnolog\u00eda e Innovaci\u00f3n Tecnol\u00f3gica (CONCYTEC) and the Programa Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n Cient\u00edfica y Estudios Avanzados","award":["PE501084312-2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PE501084312-2023"]}]},{"award":["PE501089335-2024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PE501089335-2024"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05pap9b79","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["PE501084312-2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PE501084312-2023"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05pap9b79","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007527","name":"Universit\u00e9 de Rouen Normandie","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007527","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03nhjew95","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014810","name":"Normandie Universit\u00e9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["PE501089335-2024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PE501089335-2024"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014810","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014810","name":"Normandie Universit\u00e9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["PE501084312-2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PE501084312-2023"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014810","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["PE501089335-2024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PE501089335-2024"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01k40cz91","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["PE501084312-2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PE501084312-2023"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01k40cz91","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"INSA Rouen Normandie"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/020ws7586","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018696","name":"R\u00e9gion Normandie","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018696","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03cq89j92","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004794","name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004794","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02feahw73","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Labex SynOrg","award":["ANR-11-LABX-0029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-11-LABX-0029"]}]},{"award":["ANR-11-LABX-0029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-11-LABX-0029"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03g19es12","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the graduate school for research XL\u2013Chem","award":["ANR-18-EURE-0020 XL CHEM"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-18-EURE-0020 XL CHEM"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"European Regional Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01rkhv978","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Innovation Chimie Carnot"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A magnetite\u2013eggshell nanocomposite (Fe3O4@eggshell NC) was synthesized by green coprecipitation and evaluated for Cr(VI) removal from water. Passiflora ligularis peel extract, evaluated using a 23 factorial design, served as the biogenic medium, while eggshell waste acted as the support. Characterization included X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM), Brunauer\u2013Emmett\u2013Teller (BET) analysis, zeta potential measurements, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM), and M\u00f6ssbauer spectroscopy. The NC preserved Fe3O4 and CaCO3 crystalline phases, contained nanoparticles averaging 18 nm, and exhibited oxygenated surface functionalities, a BET surface area of 134.93 m2\/g, amphoteric behavior, and a predominantly superparamagnetic response suitable for magnetic recovery. Under conditions of pH 4, 180 rpm, 60 min, 0.15 g NC, and 50 mg\/L Cr(VI), removal reached 75.98%. Kinetic data followed the pseudo-first-order model, whereas equilibrium data were well described by the Sips isotherm, with an estimated capacity of 50.81 mg\/g. At the investigated initial concentration of 50 mg\/L, adsorption was exothermic and favored at temperatures up to 308 K, and the material retained moderate reusability during the first three alkaline-regeneration cycles. Overall, Fe3O4@eggshell NC is a waste-derived, magnetically recoverable adsorbent with favorable Cr(VI) uptake under moderately acidic conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31183159","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T13:46:33Z","timestamp":1788875193000},"page":"3159","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Biogenic Fe3O4@eggshell Nanocomposite: Synthesis, Physicochemical Properties, and Cr(VI) Removal in Aqueous Media"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3672-6420","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela","family":"Camacho-Valencia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctorado en Ingenier\u00eda y Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, Lima 15024, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Marcelo Rodr\u00edguez","family":"Valdivia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela Profesional de Ingenier\u00eda de Materiales, Universidad Nacional de San Agust\u00edn de Arequipa, Arequipa 04001, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3769-3552","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gerson","family":"M\u00e1rquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Energ\u00edas Renovables, Universidad Tecnol\u00f3gica del Per\u00fa, Arequipa 04001, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Fabiana","family":"Morales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de F\u00edsica de la Materia Condensada, Centro At\u00f3mico Constituyentes, Comisi\u00f3n Nacional de Energ\u00eda At\u00f3mica (CNEA), Buenos Aires B1650, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Jean","family":"Juraszek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Groupe de Physique des Mat\u00e9riaux (GPM), UMR 6634, Universit\u00e9 de Rouen Normandie, INSA Rouen Normandie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Normandie Universit\u00e9, F-76000 Rouen, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4563-0623","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christine","family":"Devouge-Boyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Chimie Analytique et R\u00e9activit\u00e9 Mol\u00e9culaire en Normandie (CARMeN), UMR 6064, Universit\u00e9 de Rouen Normandie, INSA Rouen Normandie, Universit\u00e9 de Caen Normandie, \u00c9cole Nationale Sup\u00e9rieure d\u2019Ing\u00e9nieurs de Caen (ENSICAEN), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), F-76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3781-2830","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00e9lanie","family":"Mignot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Chimie Analytique et R\u00e9activit\u00e9 Mol\u00e9culaire en Normandie (CARMeN), UMR 6064, Universit\u00e9 de Rouen Normandie, INSA Rouen Normandie, Universit\u00e9 de Caen Normandie, \u00c9cole Nationale Sup\u00e9rieure d\u2019Ing\u00e9nieurs de Caen (ENSICAEN), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), F-76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3852-1827","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"G\u00e9raldine","family":"Gouhier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Chimie Analytique et R\u00e9activit\u00e9 Mol\u00e9culaire en Normandie (CARMeN), UMR 6064, Universit\u00e9 de Rouen Normandie, INSA Rouen Normandie, Universit\u00e9 de Caen Normandie, \u00c9cole Nationale Sup\u00e9rieure d\u2019Ing\u00e9nieurs de Caen (ENSICAEN), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), F-76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100576","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dwt.2024.100576","article-title":"Advances in Adsorption Technologies for Hexavalent Chromium Removal: Mechanisms, Materials, and Optimization Strategies","volume":"319","author":"Assefa","year":"2024","journal-title":"Desalin. Water Treat."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.131368","article-title":"Clean Approach for Chromium Removal in Aqueous Environments and Role of Nanomaterials in Bioremediation: Present Research and Future Perspective","volume":"284","author":"Samuel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biteb.2025.102116","article-title":"Tannery Waste Management and Cleaner Production of Leather in Beam House and Tanning Section: A Review","volume":"30","author":"Rai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2023.146364","article-title":"Biochar as a Multifunctional Agent for Aqueous Chromium Removal: A Critical Review of Governing Mechanisms, Targeted Syntheses, Influencing Factors, and Practical Applications","volume":"475","author":"Zhong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cesys.2024.100203","article-title":"Parsimonious Cumulative Process-Based Workflow for Early Sanitation Infrastructure Evaluation (CPESI): Case Study of Riohacha, Colombia","volume":"14","author":"Herrera","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clean. Environ. Syst."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Almir\u00f3n, J., Arosquipa-Pachari, K.R., Huillca\u00f1ahui-Taco, C., Huarsaya-Huillca, J.A., Mamani-Quispe, J., Ortiz-Valdivia, Y., Velasco, F., and Tupayachy-Quispe, D. (2023). Evaluation of the Bioaccumulation Capacity of Buddleja Species in Soils Contaminated with Total Chromium in Tannery Effluents in Arequipa (Peru). Sustainability, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/su15086641"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Organismo de Evaluaci\u00f3n y Fiscalizaci\u00f3n Ambiental (OEFA) (2016). Informe de Monitoreo Ambiental en el Parque Industrial de R\u00edo Seco, Arequipa, Organismo de Evaluaci\u00f3n y Fiscalizaci\u00f3n Ambiental (OEFA)."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morales-Paredes, L.F., Garcia-Chevesich, P.A., Romero-Mariscal, G., Arenazas-Rodriguez, A., Ticona-Quea, J., Tejada-Purizaca, T.R., Vanzin, G., and Sharp, J.O. (2025). Chromium Remediation from Tannery Wastewater in Arequipa, Peru: Local Experiences and Prospects for Sustainable Solutions. Sustainability, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/su17031183"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Biswas, B., Hassan, M., and Naidu, R. (2024). Green Adsorbents for Environmental Remediation: Synthesis Methods, Ecotoxicity, and Reusability Prospects. Processes, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/pr12061195"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2023.115231","article-title":"Enhancing Chromium Removal and Recovery from Industrial Wastewater Using Sustainable and Efficient Nanomaterial: A Review","volume":"263","author":"Irshad","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rechem.2022.100452","article-title":"Influence of Magnetism-Mediated Potentialities of Recyclable Adsorbents for Heavy Metal Ions Removal from Aqueous Solutions\u2014An Organized Review","volume":"4","author":"Onyancha","year":"2022","journal-title":"Results Chem."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Samuel, M.S., Datta, S., Chandrasekar, N., Balaji, R., Selvarajan, E., and Vuppala, S. (2021). Biogenic Synthesis of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Using Enterococcus faecalis: Adsorption of Hexavalent Chromium from Aqueous Solution and in Vitro Cytotoxicity Analysis. Nanomaterials, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano11123290"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79375","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-022-21416-2","article-title":"Decolorization of Rhodamine B by Silver Nanoparticle\u2013Loaded Magnetic Sporopollenin: Characterization and Process Optimization","volume":"29","author":"Ecer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.136271","article-title":"As (III) Removal Using Superparamagnetic Magnetite Nanoparticles Synthesized Using Ulva prolifera \u2212 Optimization, Isotherm, Kinetic and Equilibrium Studies","volume":"308","author":"Selvaraj","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-50550-1","article-title":"A Facile Strategy for Preparation of Fe3O4 Magnetic Nanoparticles Using Cordia myxa Leaf Extract and Investigating Its Adsorption Activity in Dye Removal","volume":"14","author":"Ghoohestani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jics.2024.101201","article-title":"Syzygium aromaticum-Mediated Green Synthesis of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Efficient Heavy Metal Removal from Aqueous Solutions","volume":"101","author":"Yadav","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Indian Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2024.134036","article-title":"Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Functionalized by Biocompatible Ligands with Enhanced High Specific Absorption Rate for Magnetic Hyperthermia","volume":"693","author":"Getahun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.5530\/pj.2022.14.86","article-title":"Total Polyphenols, Total Flavonoids, Antioxidant Activity and Inhibition of Tyrosinase Enzymes from Extract and Fraction of Passiflora ligularis Juss","volume":"14","author":"Wiliantari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmacogn. J."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yasin, A., Fatima, U., Shahid, S., Mansoor, S., Inam, H., Javed, M., Iqbal, S., Alrbyawi, H., Somaily, H.H., and Pashameah, R.A. (2022). Fabrication of Copper Oxide Nanoparticles Using Passiflora edulis Extract for the Estimation of Antioxidant Potential and Photocatalytic Methylene Blue Dye Degradation. Agronomy, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy12102315"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scp.2023.101135","article-title":"Extraction of Valuable Compounds from Granadilla (Passiflora ligularis Juss) Peel Using Pressurized Fluids Technologies","volume":"34","author":"Vardanega","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sustain. Chem. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Camacho Valencia, D., Tacusi Oblitas Taco, A.M., Ramirez Revilla, S., and M\u00e1rquez, G.J. (2025). Valorization of Passiflora ligularis Shells for the Eco-Friendly Production of Zinc- and Copper-Oxide Nanoparticles. Proceedings of the 5th LACCEI International Multiconference on Entrepreneurship, Innovation and Regional Development (LEIRD 2025): \u201cEntrepreneurship with Purpose: Social and Technological Innovation in the Age of AI\u201d, Latin American and Caribbean Consortium of Engineering Institutions.","DOI":"10.18687\/LEIRD2025.1.1.1082"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1652025","DOI":"10.25259\/AJC_165_2025","article-title":"Advances in the Green Synthesis of Magnetite Nanoparticles for Environmental Remediation: A Systematic Review","volume":"19","author":"Valdivia","year":"2026","journal-title":"Arab. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.5004\/dwt.2021.27753","article-title":"Synthesis of Gallus gallus Domesticus Eggshells and Magnetite Bio-Composite for Cr(VI) Removal: Adsorption Kinetics, Equilibrium Isotherms and Thermodynamics","volume":"238","author":"Ajab","year":"2021","journal-title":"Desalin. Water Treat."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1007\/s41062-025-02433-9","article-title":"Design and Evaluation of Magnetically Recoverable Eggshell-Based Nanocomposites with High Surface Area for Efficient Cr(VI) Removal from Wastewater","volume":"11","author":"Damarany","year":"2026","journal-title":"Innov. Infrastruct. Solut."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.5004\/dwt.2021.27023","article-title":"Removal of Tetracycline from Aqueous Solution by Azolla, Fig Leaves, Egg Shell and Egg Membrane Modified with Magnetite Nanoparticles","volume":"225","author":"Besharati","year":"2021","journal-title":"Desalin. Water Treat."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39331","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-024-33819-4","article-title":"Biogenic Magnetic Nanocomposite of Hydroxyapatite and Dextran: Synthesis, Characterization, and Enhanced Removal of 2,4-D from Aqueous Environment","volume":"31","author":"Bhushan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136825","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2023.136825","article-title":"Phytochemistry, Nutritional Composition, Health Benefits and Future Prospects of Passiflora: A Review","volume":"428","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Antony, A., and Farid, M. (2022). Effect of Temperatures on Polyphenols during Extraction. Appl. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/app12042107"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lohvina, H., S\u00e1ndor, M., and Wink, M. (2022). Effect of Ethanol Solvents on Total Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Properties of Seed Extracts of Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) Varieties and Determination of Phenolic Composition by HPLC-ESI-MS. Diversity, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/d14010007"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101846","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jksus.2022.101846","article-title":"Biological Synthesis and Characterization of Passiflora subpeltata Ortega Aqueous Leaf Extract in Silver Nanoparticles and Their Evaluation of Antibacterial, Antioxidant, Anti-Cancer and Larvicidal Activities","volume":"34","author":"Loganathan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. King Saud Univ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2665","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2020.12.679","article-title":"Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of Phytosynthesized Ag, Fe and Bimetallic Fe-Ag Nanoparticles Using Passiflora edulis: A Comparative Study","volume":"44","author":"Sandupatla","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Today Proc."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1007\/s42452-021-04436-4","article-title":"Synthesis of ZnO Nanoparticles Using Peels of Passiflora foetida and Study of Its Activity as an Efficient Catalyst for the Degradation of Hazardous Organic Dye","volume":"3","author":"Khan","year":"2021","journal-title":"SN Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33633","DOI":"10.1039\/C9RA03234G","article-title":"Mechanism and Kinetics of Magnetite Oxidation under Hydrothermal Conditions","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2515","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S284134","article-title":"Green Synthesis of Fe3O4 Nanoparticles Stabilized by a Garcinia mangostana Fruit Peel Extract for Hyperthermia and Anticancer Activities","volume":"16","author":"Yusefi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physb.2019.08.007","article-title":"Structural and Magnetic Properties of Silica-Coated Magnetite Nanoaggregates","volume":"572","author":"Morales","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phys. B Condens. Matter"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128528","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.128528","article-title":"Sodium Alginate-Modified Alkali-Activated Eggshell\/Fe3O4 Nanoparticles: A Magnetic Bio-Based Spherical Adsorbent for Cationic Dyes Adsorption","volume":"256","author":"Elshimy","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.serj.2018.09.002","article-title":"Efficiency of Calcium Carbonate from Eggshells as an Adsorbent for Cadmium Removal in Aqueous Solution","volume":"28","author":"Tizo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sustain. Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1080\/22297928.2024.2398206","article-title":"Adsorptive Potential of Dispersible Chitosan-Coated Biogenic Iron Oxide Nanocomposite for Enhanced Anti-Bacterial Activity against Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Bacterial Pathogens","volume":"14","author":"Mohamed","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anal. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14095","DOI":"10.1039\/D0NJ01759K","article-title":"Microwave-Assisted Green Synthesis, Characterization and Adsorption Studies on Metal Oxide Nanoparticles Synthesized Using: Ficus benghalensis Plant Leaf Extracts","volume":"44","author":"Lagashetty","year":"2020","journal-title":"New J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.06.227","article-title":"Non-Toxic Nano Approach for Wastewater Treatment Using Chlorella vulgaris Exopolysaccharides Immobilized in Iron-Magnetic Nanoparticles","volume":"162","author":"Govarthanan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113880","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2020.113880","article-title":"Smart- and Nano-Hybrid Chemical EOR Flooding Using Fe3O4\/Eggshell Nanocomposites","volume":"316","author":"Omidi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1007\/s10562-023-04323-0","article-title":"Waste Chicken Eggshell-Derived CaO Based Magnetic Solid Base Catalysts for the One-Pot Synthesis of Tetrahydro-4H-Chromenes and Benzopyranopyrimidines","volume":"154","author":"Sharma","year":"2024","journal-title":"Catal. Lett."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9676","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-13664-6","article-title":"Highly Efficient Engineered Waste Eggshell-Fly Ash for Cadmium Removal from Aqueous Solution","volume":"12","author":"Segneanu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Segneanu, A.E., Bradu, I.A., Calinescu, M.S., Vlase, G., Vlase, T., Herea, D.D., Buema, G., Mihailescu, M., and Grozescu, I. (2024). Novel Nanocomposites and Biopolymer-Based Nanocomposites for Hexavalent Chromium Removal from Aqueous Media. Polymers, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym16243469"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.137551","article-title":"Efficient Removal of Total Arsenic (As3+\/5+) from Contaminated Water by Novel Strategies Mediated Iron and Plant Extract Activated Waste Flowers of Marigold","volume":"313","author":"Upadhyay","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6803","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.3c08151","article-title":"Hagenia abyssinica-Biomediated Synthesis of a Magnetic Fe3O4\/NiO Nanoadsorbent for Adsorption of Lead from Wastewater","volume":"9","author":"Ferenj","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1109\/TNB.2022.3187344","article-title":"Green Synthesis Magnetite (Fe3O4) Nanoparticles from Rhus coriaria Extract: A Characteristic Comparison with a Conventional Chemical Method","volume":"22","author":"Piro","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. NanoBioscience"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2835","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjche.2019.02.022","article-title":"Fe3O4 Nanoparticles Impregnated Eggshell as a Novel Catalyst for Enhanced Biodiesel Production","volume":"27","author":"Chingakham","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chin. J. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1177\/0263617420956893","article-title":"Cr(VI) Adsorption from Aqueous Streams on Eggshell Membranes of Different Birds Used as Biosorbents","volume":"38","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adsorpt. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132673","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.132673","article-title":"Bio-Modified Magnetic Nanoparticles with Terminalia Arjuna Bark Extract for the Removal of Methylene Blue and Lead (II) from Simulated Wastewater","volume":"291","author":"Das","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184304","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4935484","article-title":"Determination of the Blocking Temperature of Magnetic Nanoparticles: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly","volume":"118","author":"Bruvera","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416662","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physb.2024.416662","article-title":"Magnetic Properties and Magnetocaloric Effect in Thiospinel Fe1\u2212xCuxCr2S4 (x = 0.0, 0.5) Compounds","volume":"696","author":"Choker","year":"2025","journal-title":"Phys. B Condens. Matter"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cullity, B.D., and Graham, C.D. (2008). Introduction to Magnetic Materials, John Wiley & Sons. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470386323"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1007\/s10876-021-02010-x","article-title":"Green Synthesized Magnetically Separable Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Efficient Heterogeneous Photo-Fenton Degradation of Dye Pollutants","volume":"33","author":"Chakraborty","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clust. Sci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104450","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtcomm.2022.104450","article-title":"High Reusability of Green-Synthesized Fe3O4\/TiO2 Photocatalyst Nanoparticles for Efficient Degradation of Methylene Blue Dye","volume":"33","author":"Tumbelaka","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mater. Today Commun."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1080\/22297928.2024.2304001","article-title":"Green Synthesis of Magnetic Chitosan Composite Hydrogel (Fe3O4@CS Photocatalyst) for the Solar Light Driven Catalytic Degradation of Organic Contaminants","volume":"14","author":"Khan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anal. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1134\/S1990793121030295","article-title":"Adsorptive Separation of Hexavalent Chromium from Its Aqueous and Real Water Mixtures Using Thermally Treated Country Eggshell Coated with Magnetite Nanoparticles","volume":"15","author":"Ravi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Russ. J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2021.114369","article-title":"The Application of GO-Fe3O4 Nanocomposite for Chromium Adsorption from Tannery Industry Wastewater","volume":"305","author":"Moges","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114231","article-title":"Effect of Biochar Modified with Magnetite Nanoparticles and HNO3 for Efficient Removal of Cr(VI) from Contaminated Water: A Batch and Column Scale Study","volume":"261","author":"Imran","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Labadi, I.G., Horv\u00e1th, M., Alkilani, A.T., Al-Ma\u2019abreh, A.M., Bashir, M.J.K., Keshta, B.E., Hanbali, G., Al Zoubi, W., Abukhadra, M.R., and Alqhtani, H.A. (2025). Simultaneous Adsorptive Removal of Pb2+, Cd2+, Cu2+, and Zn2+ Using Raw Norway Spruce Biomass: A Low-Cost and Eco-Friendly Solution for Wastewater Treatment. Front. Water, 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/frwa.2025.1612232"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100797","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rechem.2023.100797","article-title":"Synthesis of Iron-Magnetite Nanocomposites for Hexavalent Chromium Sorption","volume":"5","author":"Redwan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Results Chem."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bejarano-Meza, M., Deza-Carrasco, F.E., Salinas-Herrera, S., Flores-Calla, S., and Jimenez-Pacheco, H.G. (2024). Evaluation of Cr(VI) Removal from Tanning Effluents Using Magnetic Nanoparticles of Fe3O4 Synthesized with Olea europaea Bone Extract. Molecules, 29.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29020534"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102976","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rechem.2025.102976","article-title":"Xanthated Arbutus Pavarii Leaves as a Novel Biosorbent for Methyl Violet 6B: A Comparative Nonlinear Regression Approach for Kinetic Isotherm, and Thermodynamic Modeling","volume":"20","author":"Amer","year":"2026","journal-title":"Results Chem."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19143","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-018-2075-2","article-title":"Synthesis and Characterization of Anthill-Eggshell Composite Adsorbent for Removal of Hexavalent Chromium from Aqueous Solution","volume":"25","author":"Yusuff","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"37","article-title":"Hexavalent Chromium Removal Using Novel Magnetite-Functionalized Human Hair and Berseem Hay in Batch and Column Systems","volume":"69","author":"Ashour","year":"2026","journal-title":"Egypt. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25388","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-11631-5","article-title":"Magnetic Orange Leaf Biochar for Favipiravir Removal from Wastewater","volume":"15","author":"Azizzadeh","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sanz-Santos, E., \u00c1lvarez-Torrellas, S., Ceballos, L., Larriba, M., \u00c1gueda, V.I., and Garc\u00eda, J. (2021). Application of Sludge-Based Activated Carbons for the Effective Adsorption of Neonicotinoid Pesticides. Appl. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/app11073087"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eti.2023.103156","article-title":"Efficient Removal of Chromium by a Novel Biochar-Microalga Complex: Mechanism and Performance","volume":"31","author":"Jiang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Technol. Innov."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"518","article-title":"Natural Adsorbent Made from Eggshells for Removal of Chromium (VI) in Water","volume":"12","author":"Amirul","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biointerface Res. Appl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128723","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2021.128723","article-title":"Preparation of Sugarcane Bagasse Biochar\/Nano-Iron Oxide Composite and Mechanism of Its Cr (VI) Adsorption in Water","volume":"320","author":"Bai","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"39","article-title":"A Review on Regeneration of Adsorbent and Recovery of Metals: Adsorbent Disposal and Regeneration Mechanism","volume":"50","author":"Sithole","year":"2024","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132996","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2025.132996","article-title":"The Adsorption-Desorption-Regeneration Pathway to a Circular Economy: The Role of Waste-Derived Adsorbents on Chromium Removal","volume":"368","author":"Gkika","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jscs.2021.101302","article-title":"Review on Solvent Desorption Study from Exhausted Adsorbent","volume":"25","author":"Patel","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Saudi Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123790","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2019.123790","article-title":"Biofabrication of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Using Manglicolous Fungus Aspergillus niger BSC-1 and Removal of Cr(VI) from Aqueous Solution","volume":"385","author":"Chatterjee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1002\/jctb.6904","article-title":"Removal of Hexavalent Chromium (Cr(VI)) from Aqueous Solution Using Acid-Modified Poultry Litter-Derived Hydrochar: Adsorption, Regeneration and Reuse","volume":"97","author":"Ghanim","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22146","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-06319-9","article-title":"Synthesis and Characterization of Zn and Fe Doped Magnetic Biochar from Acacia falcata Leaves for Cr(VI) Adsorption","volume":"15","author":"Juturu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.2298\/JSC0712363M","article-title":"A Consideration of the Correct Calculation of Thermodynamic Parameters of Adsorption","volume":"72","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Serb. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2018.10.048","article-title":"A Critical Review of the Estimation of the Thermodynamic Parameters on Adsorption Equilibria. Wrong Use of Equilibrium Constant in the Van\u2019t Hoof Equation for Calculation of Thermodynamic Parameters of Adsorption","volume":"273","author":"Lima","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.5802\/crchim.367","article-title":"Synthesis and Characterization of ZSM-12 Zeolite for Uranium(VI) Adsorption: Isotherm, Kinetic, and Thermodynamic Investigations","volume":"28","author":"Khemaissia","year":"2025","journal-title":"Comptes Rendus Chim."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86795","DOI":"10.1039\/C5RA16498B","article-title":"Adsorption of EDTA onto Calcium Oxalate Monohydrate","volume":"5","author":"He","year":"2015","journal-title":"RSC Adv."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/31\/18\/3159\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T04:45:04Z","timestamp":1789015504000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/31\/18\/3159"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]]},"references-count":80,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules31183159"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules31183159","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]]}}}