{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T05:02:19Z","timestamp":1789448539731,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788825600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004281","name":"National Science Centre, Poland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023\/51\/B\/NZ9\/01660"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023\/51\/B\/NZ9\/01660"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["2023\/51\/B\/NZ9\/01660"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023\/51\/B\/NZ9\/01660"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03ha2q922","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100017637","name":"Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100017637","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05cs8k179","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Biosurfactants are environmentally friendly surface-active compounds with promising applications in environmental remediation. In this study, a biosurfactant-producing bacterium, Bacillus (B.) velezensis SHB.28, was isolated from heavy metal-contaminated soil and evaluated for its ability to produce biosurfactants using date syrup as a low-cost agro-industrial substrate. Screening assays including drop-collapse (DC), oil spreading (OS), and emulsification index after 24 h E24 (%) confirmed strong biosurfactant production. Culture conditions were optimized, revealing that 30 \u00b0C, pH 6, and a C\/N ratio between 10% and 20% provided optimal production. Under optimized conditions, the crude biosurfactant extract yield reached 2.16 g\/L within 24 h, accompanied by a reduction in surface tension from 69 to 29.1 dyn\/cm and high emulsification activity. Kinetic modeling showed that emulsification activity followed an exponential growth model (R2 = 0.985), whereas surface tension dynamics were well described by a spike decay\u2013plateau model (R2 = 0.998). Structural characterization using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), electrospray ionization\u2013mass spectrometry (ESI\u2013MS), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy revealed that the biosurfactants are surfactin- and iturin-like cyclic lipopeptides composed of a \u03b2-hydroxy fatty acid chain (C13\u2013C15) linked to a cyclic peptide moiety. The biosurfactant exhibited a critical micelle concentration of 100 mg\/L and an anionic character with a pHpzc of 5.7. Furthermore, it demonstrated high efficiency in removing heavy metals, achieving removal efficiencies of 99.88% for Fe2+, 99.69% for Pb2+, and 94.72% for Cu2+, outperforming conventional surfactants such as SDS and Tween 80. These findings highlight the potential of date syrup-derived surfactin and iturin from B. velezensis SHB.28 as sustainable and efficient biosurfactants for environmental remediation and heavy metal removal applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31183161","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T13:46:33Z","timestamp":1788875193000},"page":"3161","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Production and Characterization of a Lipopeptide Biosurfactant from Bacillus velezensis SHB.28 Using Date Syrup for Heavy Metal Removal"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-8040-9394","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdelhakim","family":"Bourouba","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biomaterials and Transport Phenomena (LBMPT), Department of Process Engineering, University Yahia Fares of M\u00e9d\u00e9a, M\u00e9d\u00e9a 26000, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3447-0380","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Redha","family":"Alouaoui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biomaterials and Transport Phenomena (LBMPT), Department of Process Engineering, University Yahia Fares of M\u00e9d\u00e9a, M\u00e9d\u00e9a 26000, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7923-4069","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samira","family":"Ferhat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biomaterials and Transport Phenomena (LBMPT), Department of Process Engineering, University Yahia Fares of M\u00e9d\u00e9a, M\u00e9d\u00e9a 26000, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1143-6160","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kamel","family":"Boubakri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University Yahia Fares of M\u00e9d\u00e9a, M\u00e9d\u00e9a 26000, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8330-2589","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dominika","family":"Jama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Wroc\u0142aw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 51-630 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1939-5500","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomasz","family":"Janek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Wroc\u0142aw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 51-630 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/2191-0855-1-5","article-title":"Advances in Utilization of Renewable Substrates for Biosurfactant Production","volume":"1","author":"Makkar","year":"2011","journal-title":"AMB Express"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"733","article-title":"Production and Characterization of Biosurfactant by Free and Immobilized Cells from Ochrobactrum Intermedium Isolated from the Soil of Southern Algeria with a View to Environmental Application","volume":"31","author":"Ferhat","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biotechnol. 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