{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T13:07:10Z","timestamp":1788959230536,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788912000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Aim: In this study, the phytochemical composition of the seeds of twelve different local grape (Vitis vinifera L.) varieties traditionally cultivated in the Southeastern Anatolia Region (Diyarbak\u0131r, T\u00fcrkiye) was investigated using a holistic approach. The main objective of the study was to evaluate the associations of the effects of berry skin colour, the ripening stage and utilization type on the fatty acid profile, tocopherol and phytosterol contents, vitamin K and D levels, antioxidant capacity (DPPH) and lipid peroxidation (MDA) of grape seeds. Method: The seeds of grape varieties belonging to four different colour groups, grown on their own roots, were harvested during the 2017 growing season and analysed. Fatty acid composition was determined by gas chromatography (GC), vitamin and phytosterol contents by HPLC-UV, MDA content by the thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) method, and antioxidant capacity by the DPPH radical scavenging assay. Findings: Linoleic acid was identified as the predominant fatty acid in all varieties (53.68\u201367.06%), followed by oleic acid (13.80\u201327.32%). \u03b1-Tocopherol was identified as the predominant tocopherol form (1.597\u20134.703 mg kg\u22121), whilst \u03b2-sitosterol was the phytosterol component present at the highest level (915.67\u20133340.42 \u00b5g g\u22121). Statistically significant varietal differences were detected for most measured phytochemical parameters. Group-wise differences associated with berry skin colour and ripening stage were observed for selected traits. Overall, varietal differences appeared to be more pronounced than those associated with berry skin colour or ripening stage. It was observed that the differences in phytochemical composition between the various commercial classifications of grapes were very limited. Result: The findings reveal that the seeds of the local grape varieties studied exhibit a rich phytochemical profile and represent an important source of bioactive compounds that could be utilised, particularly in the functional food, nutraceutical and cosmetics industries. The \u2018Tahannebi\u2019 variety stood out as the one with the highest values across many parameters. Differences observed among samples of the same cultivar collected from different vineyards suggest that vineyard-specific conditions may contribute to variation in selected phytochemical traits. Future multi-year and multi-location studies are needed to confirm the stability of these phytochemical profiles and to further clarify genotype \u00d7 environment interactions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31183168","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T12:26:11Z","timestamp":1788956771000},"page":"3168","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comprehensive Analysis of Phytochemical Compounds in Seeds of Indigenous Grape Varieties Cultivated in Southeastern Anatolia: Fatty Acids, Tocopherols, Phytosterols, Vitamins, and Antioxidant Properties"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8060-3407","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mehmet \u0130lhan","family":"Odaba\u015fio\u011flu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Ad\u0131yaman University, K\u00e2hta 02400, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Atilla","family":"\u00c7ak\u0131r","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Bing\u00f6l University, Bing\u00f6l 12000, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3362-1973","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nesrin","family":"Karaca Sany\u00fcrek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Munzur University, Tunceli 62000, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3157-3680","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"F\u0131rat","family":"\u0130\u015flek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant and Production Technologies, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Mu\u015f Alparslan University, Mu\u015f 49250, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"OIV (2023). State of the World Vine and Wine Sector in 2022, International Organisation of Vine and Wine."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moutinho, J., Gouvinhas, I., Dom\u00ednguez-Perles, R., and Barros, A. (2023). Optimization of the extraction methodology of grape pomace polyphenols for food applications. Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28093885"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.3233\/JBR-220007","article-title":"Effects of drought-tolerant grapevine rootstocks on the mineral contents and fatty acid compositions of grape seeds","volume":"12","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Berry Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1089\/109662003772519831","article-title":"Polyphenolics in grape seeds\u2014Biochemistry and functionality","volume":"6","author":"Shi","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Med. Food"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.4137\/NMI.S32910","article-title":"Grape seed oil compounds: Biological and chemical actions for health","volume":"9","author":"Garavaglia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab. Insights"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103861","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2020.103861","article-title":"Proanthocyanidins in grape seeds: An updated review of their health benefits and potential uses in the food industry","volume":"67","author":"Unusan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12854","DOI":"10.1111\/jfpp.12854","article-title":"Determination of fatty acid composition, volatile components, physico-chemical and bioactive properties of grape (Vitis vinifera) seed and seed oil","volume":"41","author":"Yalcin","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Food Process. Preserv."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1002\/ejlt.200700276","article-title":"Virgin grape seed oil: Is it really a nutritional highlight?","volume":"110","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.3989\/gya.2007.v58.i1.5","article-title":"Characterization of grape seed and pomace oil extracts","volume":"58","author":"Baydar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Grasas Aceites"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2008.09.103","article-title":"Fatty acid composition and phenolic antioxidants of winemaking pomace powder","volume":"114","author":"Yi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.3233\/JBR-230024","article-title":"Total oil and fatty acid composition of the seed of 16 grape genotypes with different skin colors and ripening times","volume":"13","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Berry Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.3136\/fsti9596t9798.3.301","article-title":"Vitamin E: Mechanism of its antioxidant activity","volume":"3","author":"Yamauchi","year":"1997","journal-title":"Food Sci. Technol. Int. Tokyo"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-457X.6826","article-title":"Grape seed oil: A potential functional food?","volume":"35","author":"Shinagawa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carmona-Jim\u00e9nez, Y., Igartuburu, J.M., Guill\u00e9n-S\u00e1nchez, D.A., and Garc\u00eda-Moreno, M.V. (2022). Fatty acid and tocopherol composition of pomace and seed oil from five grape varieties southern Spain. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27206980"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1007\/s11130-007-0046-8","article-title":"Phytosterol, squalene, tocopherol content and fatty acid profile of selected seeds, grains, and legumes","volume":"62","author":"Ryan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Plant Foods Hum. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0010(20000515)80:7<939::AID-JSFA644>3.0.CO;2-C","article-title":"Plant sterols: Biosynthesis, biological function and their importance to human nutrition","volume":"80","author":"Piironen","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1494","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2013.07.006","article-title":"Cholesterol-lowering efficacy of plant sterols\/stanols provided in capsule and tablet formats: Results of a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"113","author":"Shaghaghi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Acad. Nutr. Diet."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martin, M.E., Grao-Cruces, E., Millan-Linares, M.C., and Montserrat de la Paz, S. (2020). Grape (Vitis vinifera L.) seed oil a functional food from the winemaking industry. Foods, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods9101360"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1991","DOI":"10.1007\/s10341-023-00890-z","article-title":"Comprehensive evaluation of the relationships between grape skin color\/ripening time and antioxidative capacity, some phytochemicals, and fatty acid compositions of their seeds","volume":"65","year":"2023","journal-title":"Erwerbs-Obstbau"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/S0023-6438(95)80008-5","article-title":"Use of a free radical method to evaluate antioxidant activity","volume":"28","author":"Cuvelier","year":"1995","journal-title":"LWT-Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4290","DOI":"10.1021\/jf0502698","article-title":"Standardized methods for the determination of antioxidant capacity and phenolics in foods and dietary supplements","volume":"53","author":"Prior","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.2116\/analsci.30.717","article-title":"Applicability of the DPPH assay for evaluating the antioxidant capacity of food additives-inter-laboratory evaluation study","volume":"30","author":"Shimamura","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anal. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2621.2006.01415.x","article-title":"Antioxidative activities of grape (Vitis vinifera) seed extracts obtained from different varieties grown in Turkey","volume":"43","author":"Yemis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2005.05.003","article-title":"A review of recent studies on malondialdehyde as toxic molecule and biological marker of oxidative stress","volume":"15","author":"Stewart","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ab.2016.10.021","article-title":"Assessment of lipid peroxidation by measuring malondialdehyde (MDA) and relatives in biological samples: Analytical and biological challenges","volume":"524","author":"Tsikas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"428","article-title":"Vitamin content and MDA levels of certain white grape varieties from different altitudes in Turkey","volume":"35","author":"Akbaba","year":"2023","journal-title":"Emir. J. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2004.08.022","article-title":"Distribution of ergosterol in different tissues of mushrooms and its effect on the conversion of ergosterol to vitamin D2 by UV irradiation","volume":"92","author":"Jasinghe","year":"2005","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2020.09.011","article-title":"UV induced conversion during drying of ergosterol to vitamin D in various mushrooms: Effect of different drying conditions","volume":"105","author":"Jiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17189","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M601754200","article-title":"A plant locus essential for phylloquinone (vitamin K1) biosynthesis originated from a fusion of four eubacterial genes","volume":"281","author":"Gross","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1007\/s11120-007-9204-y","article-title":"Biosynthesis, accumulation and emission of carotenoids, \u03b1-tocopherol, plastoquinone, and isoprene in leaves under high photosynthetic irradiance","volume":"92","author":"Lichtenthaler","year":"2007","journal-title":"Photosynth. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e411","DOI":"10.3989\/gya.0222201","article-title":"Characterization of the chemical and nutritive quality of cold-pressed grape seed oils produced in the Republic of Serbia from different red and white grape varieties","volume":"72","author":"Bjelica","year":"2021","journal-title":"Grasas Aceites"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6261","DOI":"10.1021\/jf060338y","article-title":"Quantitation of the main constituents of some authentic grape-seed oils of different origin","volume":"54","author":"Crews","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.arplant.56.032604.144301","article-title":"Vitamin synthesis in plants: Tocopherols and carotenoids","volume":"57","author":"DellaPenna","year":"2006","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Plant Biol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.20870\/oeno-one.2025.59.2.9202","article-title":"Transforming winemaking waste: Grape pomace as a sustainable source of bioactive compounds","volume":"59","author":"Karastergiou","year":"2025","journal-title":"OENO One"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1531","DOI":"10.1007\/s42452-019-1576-z","article-title":"Comprehensive sterol and fatty acid analysis in nineteen nuts, seeds, and kernel","volume":"1","author":"Vecka","year":"2019","journal-title":"SN Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1002\/ejlt.200800052","article-title":"Characterization of grape seed oil from different grape varieties (Vitis vinifera)","volume":"111","author":"Pardo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1002\/ejlt.201200159","article-title":"Lipid characteristics and phenolics of native grape seed oils grown in Turkey","volume":"115","author":"Demirtas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3129","DOI":"10.1007\/s13197-016-2286-9","article-title":"Characterisation of seed oils from different grape cultivars grown in China","volume":"53","author":"Wen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2078","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.9400","article-title":"Diversity of oil yield, fatty acids, tocopherols, tocotrienols, and sterols in the seeds of 19 interspecific grapes crosses","volume":"99","author":"Grygier","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2013.05.153","article-title":"Phytosterols in grapes and wine, and effects of agrochemicals on their levels","volume":"141","author":"Ruggiero","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e085","DOI":"10.3989\/gya.1063142","article-title":"Characterization of grape seed oil from wines with protected denomination of origin (PDO) from Spain","volume":"66","author":"Bada","year":"2015","journal-title":"Grasas Aceites"},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"9091","article-title":"Biochemical composition and antioxidant profile of geografically labeled Kohnu grape (Vitis vinifera L.) cultivar from Turkey","volume":"30","author":"Akbaba","year":"2021","journal-title":"Fresenius Environ. Bull."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.9734\/EJMP\/2014\/7764","article-title":"The Story of Beta-sitosterol\u2014A Review","volume":"4","author":"Saeidnia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Plants"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2812","DOI":"10.1021\/jf803627t","article-title":"Characterization of oil obtained from grape seeds collected during berry development","volume":"57","author":"Rubio","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2009.07.019","article-title":"Polyphenolic profile, antioxidant properties and antimicrobial activity of grape skin extracts of 14 Vitis vinifera varieties grown in Dalmatia (Croatia)","volume":"119","author":"Skroza","year":"2010","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1186\/1752-153X-6-66","article-title":"Carotenoids, total polyphenols and antioxidant activity of grapes (Vitis vinifera) cultivated in organic and conventional systems","volume":"6","author":"Bunea","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chem. Cent. J."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liang, Z., Cheng, L., Zhong, G.-Y., and Liu, R.H. (2014). Antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of twenty-four Vitis vinifera grapes. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0105146"},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"1","article-title":"Relationship between color and antioxidant capacity of fruits and vegetables","volume":"2","author":"Mogol","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Res. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1080\/13102818.2016.1258329","article-title":"Phenol profiles and antioxidant properties of white skinned grapes and their coloured genotypes during growth","volume":"31","author":"Niu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Biotechnol. Equip."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Panteli\u0107, M., Zagorac, D.D., Nati\u0107, M., Ga\u0161i\u0107, U., Jovi\u0107, S., Vujovi\u0107, D., and Djordjevi\u0107, J.P. (2016). Impact of clonal variability on phenolics and radical scavenging activity of grapes and wines: A study on the recently developed Merlot and Cabernet Franc clones (Vitis vinifera L.). PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0163823"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kupe, M., Karatas, N., Unal, M.S., Ercisli, S., Baron, M., and Sochor, J. (2021). Phenolic composition and antioxidant activity of peel, pulp and seed extracts of different clones of the Turkish grape cultivar \u2018Karaerik\u2019. Plants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants10102154"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rao, M.J., Duan, M., Zhou, C., Jiao, J., Cheng, P., Yang, L., Wei, W., Shen, Q., Ji, P., and Yang, Y. (2025). Antioxidant defense system in plants: Reactive oxygen species production, signaling, and scavenging during abiotic stress-induced oxidative damage. Horticulturae, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/horticulturae11050477"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng, C., Chen, J.-P., Wang, X.-W., and Li, P. (2025). Reactive oxygen species in plants: Metabolism, signaling, and oxidative modifications. Antioxidants, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox14060617"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2010.12.137","article-title":"Phenolic compounds content and antioxidant activity in pomace from selected red grapes (Vitis vinifera L. and Vitis labrusca L.) widely produced in Brazil","volume":"127","author":"Rockenbach","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pinasseau, L., Vallverd\u00fa-Queralt, A., Verbaere, A., Roques, M., Meudec, E., Le Cunff, L., P\u00e9ros, J.-P., Ageorges, A., Sommerer, N., and Boulet, J.-C. (2017). Cultivar diversity of grape skin polyphenol composition and changes in response to drought investigated by LC-MS based metabolomics. Front. Plant Sci., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2017.01826"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Billet, K., Houill\u00e9, B., Dug\u00e9 de Bernonville, T., Besseau, S., Oudin, A., Courdavault, V., Delanoue, G., Gu\u00e9rin, L., Clastre, M., and Giglioli-Guivarc'h, N. (2018). Field-based metabolomics of Vitis vinifera L. stems provides new insights for genotype discrimination and polyphenol metabolism structuring. Front. Plant Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2018.00798"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sochorova, L., Prusova, B., Jurikova, T., Mlcek, J., Adamkova, A., Baron, M., and Sochor, J. (2020). The study of antioxidant components in grape seeds. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25163736"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2012.09.039","article-title":"Seed oils of ten traditional Portuguese grape varieties with interesting chemical and antioxidant properties","volume":"50","author":"Fernandes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hern\u00e1ndez, M.L., Sicardo, M.D., Belaj, A., and Mart\u00ednez-Rivas, J.M. (2021). The oleic\/linoleic acid ratio in olive (Olea europaea L.) fruit mesocarp is mainly controlled by OeFAD2-2 and OeFAD2-5 genes together with the different specificity of extraplastidial acyltransferase enzymes. Front. Plant Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2021.653997"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, Y., Zhao, W., Lai, Y., Zhang, B., and Zhang, D. (2020). Edible Plant Oil: Global Status, Health Issues, and Perspectives. Front. Plant Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2020.01315"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1982","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.5571","article-title":"The fatty acid and tocopherol constituents of the seed oil extracted from 21 grape varieties (Vitis spp.)","volume":"92","author":"Sabir","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1799","DOI":"10.1021\/jf040295q","article-title":"Yield and composition of grape seed oils extracted by supercritical carbon dioxide and petroleum ether: Varietal effects","volume":"53","author":"Beveridge","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2015.03.044","article-title":"Evaluation of oil content and fatty acid composition in the seed of grapevine varieties","volume":"63","author":"Lachman","year":"2015","journal-title":"LWT-Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"257","article-title":"Composition of grape seed oil","volume":"16","author":"Yoo","year":"1984","journal-title":"Korean J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1080\/09637480701581551","article-title":"Evaluation of fatty acid profiles and mineral content of grape seed oil of some grape genotypes","volume":"60","author":"Tangolar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12384","DOI":"10.1111\/jfbc.12384","article-title":"Identification and characterization of vitamin E isomers, phenolic compounds, fatty acid composition, and antioxidant activity in seed oils from different muscadine grape cultivars","volume":"41","author":"Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Food Biochem."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2011.02.022","article-title":"Phenolic compounds and fatty acids in different parts of Vitis labrusca and V. vinifera grapes","volume":"44","author":"Santos","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2071","DOI":"10.1080\/10942912.2016.1230870","article-title":"Antioxidant capacity and phenolic profile of berry, seed, and skin of Eksikara (Vitis vinifera L.) grape: Influence of harvest year and altitude","volume":"20","author":"Coklar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Prop."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"212","article-title":"Determination of bioactive compounds and mineral contents of seedless parts and seeds of grapes","volume":"38","author":"Uslu","year":"2017","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Enol. Vitic."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.55730\/1300-011X.3231","article-title":"Different irrigation strategies affect proximate composition and fatty acid profiles of grape seeds under semi-arid conditions","volume":"48","year":"2024","journal-title":"Turk. J. Agric. For."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4017","DOI":"10.1021\/jf980412f","article-title":"Microwave heating of grapeseed: Effect on oil quality","volume":"46","author":"Oomah","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"18","article-title":"Comparative Evoluation of Fatty Acids of Raisins and Processed Grapes in Ad\u0131yaman","volume":"4","author":"Uzun","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ad\u0131yaman Univ. J. Educ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"163","article-title":"Oil content and oil quality properties of some grape seeds","volume":"25","author":"Baydar","year":"2001","journal-title":"Turk. J. Agric. For."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2247","DOI":"10.1105\/tpc.111.086140","article-title":"Malonyl-CoA synthetase, encoded by ACYL ACTIVATING ENZYME13, is essential for growth and development of Arabidopsis","volume":"23","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Plant Cell"},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"457","article-title":"The acyl-activating enzyme PhAAE13 is an alternative enzymatic source of precursors for anthocyanin biosynthesis in petunia flowers","volume":"68","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_76","first-page":"13","article-title":"Determination of fatty acid compositions in the seeds of some grape cultivars","volume":"23","author":"Uslu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Selcuk. J. Agric. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Stefano, V., Bongiorno, D., Buzzanca, C., Indelicato, S., Santini, A., Lucarini, M., Fabbrizio, A., Mauro, M., Vazzana, M., and Arizza, V. (2021). Fatty Acids and Triacylglycerols Profiles from Sicilian (Cold Pressed vs Soxhlet) Grape Seed Oils. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su132313038"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gitea, M.A., Gitea, D., Tit, D.M., Bungau, S.G., Bogdan, M.A., Radu, A.-F., Dulf, F.V., and Pasca, M.B. (2023). Organically cultivated vine varieties\u2014Distinctive qualities of the oils obtained from grape seeds. Sustainability, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/su151411037"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23210","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-06283-4","article-title":"Variability in seed oil content, fatty acids profile, phytochemical properties, mineral and proximate composition of Iranian cultivars of Vitis vinifera L.","volume":"15","author":"Poureshaghi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_80","first-page":"e16717","article-title":"Lipid characteristics, bioactive properties, and mineral content in hazelnut grown under different cultivation systems","volume":"46","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Food Process. Preserv."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pannico, A., Modarelli, G.C., Stazi, S.R., Giaccone, M., Romano, R., Rouphael, Y., and Cirillo, C. (2023). Foliar nutrition influences yield, nut quality and kernel composition in hazelnut cv Mortarella. Plants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants12112219"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-Mart\u00ednez, M.D., Esteve Ciudad, P., G\u00f3mez Tenorio, M.\u00c1., and Raig\u00f3n Jim\u00e9nez, M.D. (2025). Effect of organic farming techniques on the quality of almond fat. Horticulturae, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/horticulturae11020135"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100502","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advnut.2025.100502","article-title":"Dietary polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acid ratio as an indicator for LDL cholesterol response: A systematic review and Meta-Analysis of randomized clinical trials","volume":"16","author":"Hart","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_84","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2023). Saturated Fatty Acid and Trans-Fatty Acid Intake for Adults and Children: WHO Guideline, WHO. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240073630."},{"key":"ref_85","first-page":"404","article-title":"Fruit quality attributes and fatty acid composition of table and wine grape cultivars","volume":"6","author":"Sucu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bilecik \u015eeyh Edebali \u00dcniv. Bilim. Derg."},{"key":"ref_86","unstructured":"MGM (2026, August 12). Turkish State Meteorological Service, Available online: https:\/\/www.mgm.gov.tr."},{"key":"ref_87","unstructured":"\u00c7i\u00e7ek, M. (2018). Determination of Vineyards by Using Remote Detection Systems in E\u011fil of Diyarbakir. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Bing\u00f6l University]. (\u0130n Turkish with an abstract in English)."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9861(68)90654-1","article-title":"Photoperoxidation in isolated chloroplasts: I. Kinetics and stoichiometry of fatty acid peroxidation","volume":"125","author":"Heath","year":"1968","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(78)90046-5","article-title":"Lipid extraction of tissues with a low-toxicity solvent","volume":"90","author":"Hara","year":"1978","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/31\/18\/3168\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T12:26:55Z","timestamp":1788956815000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/31\/18\/3168"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]]},"references-count":89,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules31183168"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules31183168","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]]}}}