{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T11:10:04Z","timestamp":1789125004651,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788912000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003356","name":"Scientific Research Project Foundation of Gazi University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TCD-2023-8811"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TCD-2023-8811"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003356","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["TCD-2023-8811"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TCD-2023-8811"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/054xkpr46","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The triterpenoid and polysaccharide constituents of Ganoderma lucidum (GL) are believed to influence key pathogenic pathways in Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD). This study first examined the molecular rationale for GL\u2019s neuroprotective properties by subjecting its principal triterpenoids, Ganoderic Acid A&amp;B, to computational profiling. Molecular docking was performed against human acetylcholinesterase (AChE), TNF-\u03b1, COX-2, IL-6, caspase-3, Bcl-2, and the Keap1\u2013Nrf2 complex using CB-Dock2, alongside SwissADME-based physicochemical and ProTox-3.0-based toxicological screening. These targeted pathways were then biologically validated in an in vitro AD model induced by A\u03b21\u201342 toxicity in SH-SY5Y cells, assessing AChE activity, apoptosis, ROS levels, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and cytokine expression (COX-2, TGF-\u03b21, IL-6, TNF-\u03b1, IL-10). Docking revealed high binding affinities of both triterpenoids toward all seven targets (Vina scores: \u22127.3 to \u221210.4 kcal\/mol), predicting strong modulation of cholinergic, inflammatory, apoptotic, and antioxidant pathways. Consistent with these predictions, GL extract significantly reduced TNF-\u03b1, COX-2, and IL-6 mRNA and protein levels, attenuated ROS accumulation, preserved MMP except at 500 \u00b5g\/mL, and exerted a concentration-dependent antiapoptotic effect. IL-10 and TGF-\u03b21 showed complex, dose-dependent patterns, reflecting indirect regulatory responses. Together, these findings support GL\u2019s neuroprotective potential against A\u03b2-induced toxicity through direct engagement of cholinergic, inflammatory, apoptotic, and antioxidant regulatory proteins.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31183172","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T15:01:56Z","timestamp":1788966116000},"page":"3172","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Therapeutic Effects of Ganoderma lucidum Against A\u03b2-Induced Neurotoxicity in SH-SY5Y Cells: In Vitro Evidence and Computational Validation of Human Protein Targets"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0681-3566","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ece","family":"Miser-Saliho\u011flu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, 06330 Ankara, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Mualla P\u0131nar","family":"El\u00e7i","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Stem Cell Lab, Faculty of Medicine, University of Health Sciences G\u00fclhane, 06018 Ankara, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3759-495X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tu\u011fba","family":"Fatsa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Lab, Health Institute, University of Health Sciences G\u00fclhane, 06018 Ankara, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Sema","family":"\u00d6ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Lab, Health Institute, University of Health Sciences G\u00fclhane, 06018 Ankara, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8819-9461","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Onur Kenan","family":"Uluta\u015f","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, 06330 Ankara, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Sevgi","family":"Yardim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, 06330 Ankara, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/s13073-023-01155-w","article-title":"The neuroimmune axis of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"15","author":"Jorfi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Genome Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duan, Y., Han, C., Zheng, H., Yu, J., and Luo, M. 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