{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T05:06:56Z","timestamp":1789189616409,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788998400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002803","name":"Fondazione Cariplo","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2018-1001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018-1001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002803","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["2018-1001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018-1001"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01gb56c55","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"EconomiaCircolare-Ricerca per un Futuro Sostenibile program"},{"name":"EPSRC-funded Centre for Doctoral Training in Advanced Biomedical Materials","award":["EP\/S022201\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/S022201\/1"]}]},{"name":"PRIN (Progetti di Rilevante Interesse Nazionale","award":["CUP C53D23003120006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CUP C53D23003120006"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The agri-food industry generates substantial amounts of waste, which are increasingly regarded as valuable resources within the framework of the circular economy. Among the recoverable bioactive molecules, phenolic compounds are of particular interest for nutraceutical and biomedical applications. Olive oil production by-products, such as olive oil dregs (OOD), represent a rich source of polyphenols, especially hydroxytyrosol (3,4-DHPEA). In this study, we investigated the in vitro biological properties of OOD extracts obtained through methanolic or eco-friendly aqueous extraction methods, both characterized by a high 3,4-DHPEA content. The antioxidant potential of the extracts was evaluated together with their activity in murine peritoneal macrophages, while their ability to counteract osteoclastogenesis was assessed using RAW 264.7 cells stimulated with receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL). Our results demonstrated that both extracts showed a total antioxidant effect and significantly reduced intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. Notably, this antioxidant activity was accompanied by a marked inhibition of RANKL-induced osteoclast formation, as evidenced by a reduction in tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive multinucleated cells together with fewer mature osteoclasts displaying well-structured F-actin rings and bone-resorbing activity as demonstrated by the pit formation assay. Taken together, these findings suggest that OOD extract, through its dual antioxidant and anti-osteoclastogenic properties, may represent a promising strategy for the prevention of inflammation-driven pathological bone loss.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31183178","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T08:07:41Z","timestamp":1789027661000},"page":"3178","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Antioxidant and Anti-Osteoclastogenic Potential of Olive Oil Dregs Extracts"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Beatrice","family":"Castiglioni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Eastern Piedmont \u201cA. Avogadro\u201d, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9310-3564","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Squillaci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council of Italy, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8673-5769","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alice","family":"Marchetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Eastern Piedmont \u201cA. Avogadro\u201d, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Marica","family":"Imbimbo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Eastern Piedmont \u201cA. Avogadro\u201d, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Adrian","family":"Perez-Barreto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Blond McIndoe Laboratories, Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3189-2526","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandra","family":"Morana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems, National Research Council of Italy, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Virginia","family":"Carbone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council of Italy, Via Roma 64, 83100 Avellino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3682-8702","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michela","family":"Bosetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Eastern Piedmont \u201cA. Avogadro\u201d, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procbio.2017.09.017","article-title":"Chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) Industrial Wastes as a Valued Bioresource for the Production of Active Ingredients","volume":"64","author":"Squillaci","year":"2018","journal-title":"Process Biochem."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132640","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2025.132640","article-title":"Bio-Sourcing from Byproducts: A Comprehensive Review of Bioactive Molecules in Agri-Food Waste (AFW) Streams for Valorization and Sustainable Applications","volume":"431","author":"Shawky","year":"2025","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3351","DOI":"10.1007\/s10311-023-01639-6","article-title":"Recycling Food and Agriculture By-Products to Mitigate Climate Change: A Review","volume":"21","author":"Rashwan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ciupei, D., Coli\u015far, A., Leopold, L., St\u0103nil\u0103, A., and Diaconeasa, Z.M. (2024). Polyphenols: From Classification to Therapeutic Potential and Bioavailability. Foods, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods13244131"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2004-09-3662","article-title":"A Crucial Role for Reactive Oxygen Species in RANKL-Induced Osteoclast Differentiation","volume":"106","author":"Lee","year":"2005","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-025-07965-7","article-title":"Targeting Irgm1 to Combat Osteoporosis: Suppressing ROS and Restoring Bone Remodeling","volume":"16","author":"Cui","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perrone, P., De Rosa, C., and D\u2019Angelo, S. (2025). Polyphenols and Bone Health: A Comprehensive Review of Their Role in Osteoporosis Prevention and Treatment. Molecules, 30.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30214154"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Inchingolo, A.D., Inchingolo, A.M., Malcangi, G., Avantario, P., Azzollini, D., Buongiorno, S., Viapiano, F., Campanelli, M., Ciocia, A.M., and De Leonardis, N. (2022). Effects of Resveratrol, Curcumin and Quercetin Supplementation on Bone Metabolism-A Systematic Review. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14173519"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114850","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114850","article-title":"Understanding the Mechanistic Potential of Plant Based Phytochemicals in Management of Postmenopausal Osteoporosis","volume":"163","author":"Sharma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ilyas, S., Lee, J., and Lee, D. (2024). Emerging Roles of Natural Compounds in Osteoporosis: Regulation, Molecular Mechanisms and Bone Regeneration. Pharmaceuticals, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph17080984"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Safarzadeh Markhali, F. (2021). Effect of Processing on Phenolic Composition of Olive Oil Products and Olive Mill By-Products and Possibilities for Enhancement of Sustainable Processes. Processes, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/pr9060953"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chin, K.-Y., and Ima-Nirwana, S. (2016). Olives and Bone: A Green Osteoporosis Prevention Option. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph13080755"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2021.09.027","article-title":"Hydroxytyrosol Prevents Periodontitis-Induced Bone Loss by Regulating Mitochondrial Function and Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Signaling of Bone Cells","volume":"176","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1080\/00397911.2010.531369","article-title":"Efficient Synthesis of Hydroxytyrosol from 3,4-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde","volume":"42","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Synth. Commun."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1021\/jf001258b","article-title":"Synthesis of the Antioxidant Hydroxytyrosol Using Tyrosinase as Biocatalyst","volume":"49","author":"Cantos","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Squillaci, G., Marchetti, A., Petillo, O., Bosetti, M., La Cara, F., Peluso, G., and Morana, A. (2021). Olive Oil Dregs as a Novel Source of Natural Antioxidants: Extraction Optimization towards a Sustainable Process. Processes, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/pr9061064"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez, L., Ros, G., and Nieto, G. (2018). Hydroxytyrosol: Health Benefits and Use as Functional Ingredient in Meat. Medicines, 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicines5010013"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136667","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2023.136667","article-title":"A New Insight into Synergistic Effects between Endogenous Phenolic Compounds Additive and \u03b1-Tocopherol for the Stability of Olive Oil","volume":"427","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ronzier, E., Laurenson, A.J., Manickam, R., Liu, S., Saintilma, I.M., Schrock, D.C., Hammer, J.A., and Rotty, J.D. (2022). The Actin Cytoskeleton Responds to Inflammatory Cues and Alters Macrophage Activation. Cells, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11111806"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4165(93)90116-P","article-title":"Participation of Oxidative Stress in the Process of Osteoclast Differentiation","volume":"1157","author":"Suda","year":"1993","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta (BBA)-Gen. Subj."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1007\/s00774-015-0656-4","article-title":"Reactive Oxygen Species and Oxidative Stress in Osteoclastogenesis, Skeletal Aging and Bone Diseases","volume":"33","author":"Callaway","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Bone Min. Metab."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3077","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.14277","article-title":"Overview of RAW264.7 for Osteoclastogensis Study: Phenotype and Stimuli","volume":"23","author":"Kong","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cell Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114834","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114834","article-title":"Oxidative Stress: A Common Pathological State in a High-Risk Population for Osteoporosis","volume":"163","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.2001.16.7.1248","article-title":"Organization of Cytoskeletal F-Actin, G-Actin, and Gelsolin in the Adhesion Structures in Cultured Osteoclast","volume":"16","author":"Akisaka","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejcb.2005.09.008","article-title":"Podosome and Sealing Zone: Specificity of the Osteoclast Model","volume":"85","author":"Jurdic","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7955","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-016-9891-3","article-title":"Olive Oil Authenticity Studies by Target and Nontarget LC\u2013QTOF-MS Combined with Advanced Chemometric Techniques","volume":"408","author":"Kalogiouri","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2016.09.056","article-title":"Quantitative Method for Determination of Oleocanthal and Oleacein in Virgin Olive Oils by Liquid Chromatography\u2013Tandem Mass Spectrometry","volume":"162","author":"Miho","year":"2017","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olmo-Garc\u00eda, L., Kessler, N., Neuweger, H., Wendt, K., Olmo-Peinado, J.M., Fern\u00e1ndez-Guti\u00e9rrez, A., Baessmann, C., and Carrasco-Pancorbo, A. (2018). Unravelling the Distribution of Secondary Metabolites in Olea europaea L.: Exhaustive Characterization of Eight Olive-Tree Derived Matrices by Complementary Platforms (LC-ESI\/APCI-MS and GC-APCI-MS). Molecules, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23102419"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1007\/s12161-017-1064-2","article-title":"Direct and Rapid Profiling of Biophenols in Olive Pomace by UHPLC-DAD-MS","volume":"11","author":"Malapert","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Anal. Methods"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1670","DOI":"10.1002\/rcm.8514","article-title":"Characterization of Bioactive and Nutraceutical Compounds Occurring in Olive Oil Processing Wastes","volume":"33","author":"Ventura","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kritikou, E., Kalogiouri, N.P., Kolyvira, L., and Thomaidis, N.S. (2020). Target and Suspect HRMS Metabolomics for the Determination of Functional Ingredients in 13 Varieties of Olive Leaves and Drupes from Greece. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25214889"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez-Salas, L., Cea, I., Borr\u00e1s-Linares, I., Emanuelli, T., Robert, P., Segura-Carretero, A., and Lozano-S\u00e1nchez, J. (2021). Preliminary Investigation of Different Drying Systems to Preserve Hydroxytyrosol and Its Derivatives in Olive Oil Filter Cake Pressurized Liquid Extracts. Foods, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods10061407"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Starzy\u0144ska-Janiszewska, A., Fern\u00e1ndez-Fern\u00e1ndez, C., Mart\u00edn-Garc\u00eda, B., Verardo, V., and G\u00f3mez-Caravaca, A.M. (2022). Solid State Fermentation of Olive Leaves as a Promising Technology to Obtain Hydroxytyrosol and Elenolic Acid Derivatives Enriched Extracts. Antioxidants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11091693"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procbio.2024.01.001","article-title":"Valorisation of Olive Pomace from Veneto Region: Oven-Dried Material for Food, Nutraceutical, and Cosmetic Application of the OLIVARE Project","volume":"137","author":"Loschi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Process Biochem."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Marchetti, A. (2023). Antimicrobial and Bioactive Scaffolds for Tissue Regeneration. [Ph.D. Thesis, Universit\u00e0 del Piemonte Orientale]."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Marchetti, A., Castiglioni, B., Squillaci, G., Morana, A., and Bosetti, M. (2023, January 28\u201331). Polyphenols Recovered from Waste of Olive Oil Production as Active Compounds in Bone Regeneration. Proceedings of the TERMIS-EU, Manchester, UK."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2017.129","article-title":"Regulating the Osteoclast Workforce","volume":"13","author":"McHugh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01467-8","article-title":"Targeting Strategies for Bone Diseases: Signaling Pathways and Clinical Studies","volume":"8","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target Ther."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pojero, F., Gervasi, F., Fiore, S.D., Aiello, A., Bonacci, S., Caldarella, R., Attanzio, A., Candore, G., Caruso, C., and Ligotti, M.E. (2023). Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Nutritionally Relevant Concentrations of Oleuropein and Hydroxytyrosol on Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells: An Age-Related Analysis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241311029"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Le\u00f3n-Gonz\u00e1lez, A.J., S\u00e1ez-Mart\u00ednez, P., Jim\u00e9nez-Vacas, J.M., Herrero-Aguayo, V., Montero-Hidalgo, A.J., G\u00f3mez-G\u00f3mez, E., Madrona, A., Casta\u00f1o, J.P., Espartero, J.L., and Gahete, M.D. (2021). Comparative Cytotoxic Activity of Hydroxytyrosol and Its Semisynthetic Lipophilic Derivatives in Prostate Cancer Cells. Antioxidants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10091348"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goldsmith, C.D., Bond, D.R., Jankowski, H., Weidenhofer, J., Stathopoulos, C.E., Roach, P.D., and Scarlett, C.J. (2018). The Olive Biophenols Oleuropein and Hydroxytyrosol Selectively Reduce Proliferation, Influence the Cell Cycle, and Induce Apoptosis in Pancreatic Cancer Cells. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19071937"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6913","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M109.051557","article-title":"RANKL-Mediated Reactive Oxygen Species Pathway That Induces Long Lasting Ca2+ Oscillations Essential for Osteoclastogenesis","volume":"285","author":"Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13725","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M806941200","article-title":"Trolox Prevents Osteoclastogenesis by Suppressing RANKL Expression and Signaling","volume":"284","author":"Lee","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2019.104350","article-title":"Epigenetic Regulation of Bone Remodeling by Natural Compounds","volume":"147","author":"Raut","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zupo, R., Castellana, F., Clodoveo, M.L., Lisco, G., Mazzola, G., Rondanelli, M., Cant\u00f9, A., Riso, P., and Perna, S. (2025). The Role of Olive Oil Polyphenols in Osteosarcopenic Obesity-Related Biological Domains: A Systematic Review of Current Evidence. Foods, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods14162766"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfca.2025.107493","article-title":"Sustainable Stable Extraction of Anti-Osteoporotic Compounds from Cornus officinalis by Osteoblast Membrane Bionic Multifunctional Carbonaceous Microspheres Composite Column","volume":"142","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Food Compos. Anal."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/31\/18\/3178\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T04:18:30Z","timestamp":1789186710000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/31\/18\/3178"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules31183178"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules31183178","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]]}}}