{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T11:10:03Z","timestamp":1789038603751,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788998400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Key Research and Development Program of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region","award":["2023B02022-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023B02022-2"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Glabridin (GLA) is widely applied in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and food products; however, its application is limited by poor aqueous solubility, low stability, and low bioavailability. To overcome these disadvantages, Glabridin-Loaded Liposomes (L-GLAs) were prepared using a thin-film hydration\u2013solvent evaporation method combined with high-pressure homogenization. The cumulative release rate of L-GLA within 96 h was higher than that of GLA. The stability of L-GLA was superior to that of GLA. The inhibitory effects and underlying mechanisms of GLA and L-GLA on B16 mouse melanoma cells were investigated. The IC50 of L-GLA against B16 melanoma cells (84.66 \u03bcM) was lower than that of GLA (115.5 \u03bcM). Both compounds induced apoptosis in B16 cells, with L-GLA exhibiting greater potency. This effect may be related to the inhibition of B16 cell proliferation via G0\/G1 phase arrest. Furthermore, in a melanin-producing B16 cell model, the melanin content and tyrosinase (TYR) activity in the GLA and L-GLA groups were lower than those in the model group, and L-GLA exerted a stronger inhibitory effect than GLA. Quantitative PCR analysis revealed that GLA and L-GLA reduced the mRNA expression levels of MITF, TYR, TRP-1, and TRP-2; and Western blotting further confirmed that the protein levels of these melanogenesis-related factors were consistently downregulated in B16 cells following photodynamic treatment. Mechanistically, these anti-melanogenic effects appeared to be associated with the downregulation of MITF and its downstream targets, potentially through the PKA\/MITF and MAPK\/MITF signaling cascades. Collectively, these findings suggest that liposomal encapsulation may enhance the anti-melanogenic and anti-proliferative bioactivity of GLA, which implies its potential as an improved formulation for biomedical and cosmetic applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31183179","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T10:27:21Z","timestamp":1789036041000},"page":"3179","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Preparation of Glabridin-Loaded Liposomes and Their Inhibition Effects on Melanogenesis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-3840-5818","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ling","family":"Zeng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science and Pharmacy, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China"},{"name":"Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Special Fruits and Vegetables Processing Engineering Research Center, Urumqi 830052, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science and Pharmacy, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China"},{"name":"Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Special Fruits and Vegetables Processing Engineering Research Center, Urumqi 830052, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xinjiang Longhuiyuan Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tacheng 834700, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Ping","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science and Pharmacy, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Ding","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science and Pharmacy, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Jinfang","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science and Pharmacy, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chung, C.-L., Chen, J.-H., Huang, W.-C., Sheu, J.-R., Hsia, C.-W., Jayakumar, T., Hsia, C.-H., Chiou, K.-R., and Hou, S.-M. 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