{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T04:01:02Z","timestamp":1791518462595,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788998400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Lacustrine Shale Gas Accumulation and Exploitation","award":["ycsy2024jcyj-B-28"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ycsy2024jcyj-B-28"]}]},{"name":"National Major Science and Technology Program for New-Type Oil and Gas Exploration and Development","award":["2024ZD1405102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024ZD1405102"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Organic-rich shale contains chemically heterogeneous mineral\u2013organic interfaces that produce strong and spatially variable proton surface relaxation, complicating the identification of clay-bound water and the conversion of NMR relaxation time into pore size. Conventional interpretations commonly treat surface relaxivity as a constant, while the respective contributions of water-retaining surface chemistry, molecular restriction, and paramagnetic centers remain insufficiently separated. In this study, Wufeng\u2013Longmaxi shale samples from the Yongchuan Block were investigated using mineralogical and pore structural characterization, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, cation exchange capacity, zeta potential, electron paramagnetic resonance, controlled hydration, one- and two-dimensional low-field time domain NMR, and molecular dynamics simulations. Under the present fluid and acquisition conditions, strongly surface-associated water was operationally identified mainly at T2 &lt; 1.6 ms and T1 &lt; 85 ms, while the effective transverse surface relaxivity ranged from 3.6 to 9.1 \u03bcm\/s. Water retention was more closely associated with cation exchange capacity and surface \u2013OH\/O\u2013C environments, whereas relaxation efficiency was controlled more directly by EPR-detectable paramagnetic centers and restricted molecular motion of interfacial water. Simulations of Na-smectite, chlorite, illite, and kerogen-covered illite revealed systematic differences in water density layering, adsorption strength, hydrogen bond persistence, molecular residence, translational diffusion, rotational reorientation, and proton\u2013proton dipolar correlation. A chemistry-informed model combining the EPR-derived paramagnetic center density with a surface area-weighted molecular restriction index explained 86% of the measured relaxivity variation, with an adjusted R2 of 0.83 and leave-one-out cross-validation RMSE and MAE values of 0.71 and 0.57 \u03bcm\/s, respectively. At the core scale, the variable relaxivity interpretation reduced the mean absolute percentage error of characteristic pore diameter from 21.9% to 4.5% and the RMSE of the clay-bound water fraction from 3.4 to 0.4 percentage points relative to the fixed relaxivity method. Transfer to NMR logging further reduced lithology-dependent biases in pore size conversion and clay-bound water partitioning. These results define shale surface relaxivity as an emergent interfacial property arising from coupled magnetic and molecular controls and provide a mechanistic basis for NMR analysis of chemically heterogeneous shale materials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31183185","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T10:27:21Z","timestamp":1789036041000},"page":"3185","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Interfacial Molecular Mechanisms Governing the NMR Relaxation of Clay-Bound Water in Organic-Rich Shales with Implications for NMR Logging"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Xuanhua","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geosciences, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China"},{"name":"CNPC Key Well Logging Laboratory, Qingdao 266580, China"},{"name":"Laboratory for Marine Mineral Resources, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Xinmin","family":"Ge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geosciences, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China"},{"name":"CNPC Key Well Logging Laboratory, Qingdao 266580, China"},{"name":"Laboratory for Marine Mineral Resources, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Zhenying","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"No. 3 Oil Production Plant of PetroChina Qinghai Oilfield Company, Haixi 816400, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Minjie","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"No. 2 Gas Production Plant of China National Petroleum Corporation Changqing Oilfield Branch, Yulin 719000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnmrs.2019.03.002","article-title":"NMR Application in Unconventional Shale Reservoirs\u2014A New Porous Media Research Frontier","volume":"112\u2013113","author":"Song","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prog. 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