{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T15:06:40Z","timestamp":1789052800480,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788998400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001322","name":"South African Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SAMRC\/UFH\/P790"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SAMRC\/UFH\/P790"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["SAMRC\/UFH\/P790"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SAMRC\/UFH\/P790"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05q60vz69","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"DSTI\/NRF SARChI Chair in Water Quality and Environmental Genomics","award":["RCHDI241119283812"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RCHDI241119283812"]}]},{"name":"Research Niche Area on Sustainable Agriculture, Water Usage and Climate Change"},{"name":"University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0184vwv17","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Botanical insecticides are increasingly being investigated as alternatives to synthetic pesticides for stored-grain protection. This review critically evaluates Aloe ferox Mill. as a candidate botanical insecticide with potential relevance to Sitophilus zeamais Motsch, the major stored-maize pest. The available evidence related to the phytochemistry, reported pesticidal activities, proposed mechanisms of action, safety, and research needs was synthesised. A. ferox possesses a variety of secondary metabolites like anthraquinones, flavonoids, phenolics, chromones, tannins, alkaloids, and saponins, some of which have been reported to possess insecticidal, repellent, antifeedant, or growth-regulatory activity in other biological systems. But there is currently no direct experimental proof of the effectiveness of A. ferox against S. zeamais. A large proportion of the evidence relevant to pesticides is from other Aloe species, other insect and arthropod pests, or from one component or phytochemical studied in a different biological system. The findings, therefore, offer a justification for further investigations, but do not provide evidence of efficacy. Future research should focus on bioassays that directly test dose\u2013responses, phytochemical standardisation, mechanism validation, formulation development, grain quality and residue evaluation, safety evaluation, and validation using realistic storage conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31183190","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T14:11:22Z","timestamp":1789049482000},"page":"3190","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Aloe ferox as a Candidate Botanical Insecticide for Stored-Grain Protection: Evidence, Knowledge Gaps, and Prospects for Sitophilus zeamais Management"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-8306-4529","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Florence Bukky","family":"Aina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agronomy, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa"},{"name":"SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa"},{"name":"DSTI\/NRF SARChI Chair in Water Quality and Environmental Genomics, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1592-9459","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisa","family":"Buwa-Komoreng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa"},{"name":"Infectious Diseases and Medicinal Plants RNA, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lelethu Unathi-Nkosi Peter","family":"Heshula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa"},{"name":"DSTI\/NRF SARChI Chair in Water Quality and Environmental Genomics, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Zoology & Entomology, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6135-289X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nyasha Esnath","family":"Chiuta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agronomy, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6229-5594","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tolulope Olubunmi","family":"Adeniji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa"},{"name":"DSTI\/NRF SARChI Chair in Water Quality and Environmental Genomics, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7140-8327","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Siphamandla","family":"Lamula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases and Medicinal Plants RNA, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shadreck","family":"Muchaku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Global Change, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1276-7789","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mhlangabezi","family":"Slayi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Global Change, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7968-5131","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charles Shelton","family":"Mutengwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agronomy, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mpoke, R.S., Kinyua, J., Kimani, J.W., Ajene, I.J., Likhayo, P., and Khamis, F.M. 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