{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T05:06:56Z","timestamp":1789189616355,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788998400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["51872246"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51872246"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["52061135102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52061135102"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["52672089"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52672089"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["51872246"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51872246"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["52061135102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52061135102"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["52672089"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52672089"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the present work, a series of single-source precursors were prepared via a one-pot synthesis strategy using transition metal chlorides, acetylacetone, and hydroquinone as raw materials. The molecular structure, cross-linking behavior, and polymer-to-ceramic transformation of the obtained precursors were systematically investigated by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. The phase composition, phase-transformation temperature, and grain size of the resulting ceramics were characterized by X-ray diffraction combined with Rietveld refinement. The resulting precursors exhibit good solubility in common organic solvents (e.g., ethanol, propanol, and acetone), rendering them suitable for fabricating ultra-high temperature ceramic matrix composites through polymer infiltration and the pyrolysis method. At 1400 \u00b0C, the ceramic yields of the TaC, HfC, ZrC, NbC, and TiC precursors were 62.45%, 57.53%, 48.55%, 45.53%, and 30.32%, respectively. After heat treatment at their respective phase-transformation temperatures, the resulting ceramics exhibited grain sizes of carbides in the range of approximately 80\u2013100 nm. The mechanism governing the different phase-transformation temperatures (T) of the derived ceramics, which follow the order TNbC &lt; TTaC &lt; TTiC &lt; THfC &lt; TZrC, was elucidated through combined thermodynamic and kinetic analyses. This synthesis strategy was extended to the family of ultra-high temperature refractory metal carbides with melting points exceeding 3000 \u00b0C, demonstrating promising application potential for ultra-high temperature ceramic matrix composites.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31183193","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T14:11:22Z","timestamp":1789049482000},"page":"3193","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Synthesis and Phase Evolution of Ultra-High Temperature MC-Type Carbides (M = Hf, Ta, Nb, Zr, Ti) via a Molecular Precursor Approach"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Junyi","family":"Zheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramic Fibers, Ministry of Education, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Haiyun","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramic Fibers, Ministry of Education, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Xiantao","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramic Fibers, Ministry of Education, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Yuenong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramic Fibers, Ministry of Education, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Zhaoju","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramic Fibers, Ministry of Education, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China"},{"name":"Xiamen Key Laboratory of Electronic Ceramic Materials and Devices, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1007\/s10512-021-00795-8","article-title":"Use of Nuclear Energy in Outer-Space Systems","volume":"130","author":"Koroteev","year":"2021","journal-title":"Atom. 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