{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T10:11:27Z","timestamp":1789121487319,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788998400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"\u201cSupporting plant development and resistance through liquid fertilisers enriched with bioactive compounds\u201d","award":["POIR.01.01.01-00-1265\/20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POIR.01.01.01-00-1265\/20"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) production is constrained by a complex of fungal pathogens, including Alternaria alternata, A. brassicicola, Botrytis cinerea, Phoma lingam and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, which are conventionally managed with synthetic fungicides such as prothioconazole. This study evaluated the biocontrol and biostimulant potential of two plant extracts (garlic, Allium sativum; Jerusalem artichoke, Helianthus tuberosus) and two bacterial fermentation supernatants (Enterobacter sp. and Paenibacillus sp.) against these pathogens under in vitro, greenhouse and field conditions (2022\u20132024, two locations: Winna G\u00f3ra and Rzesz\u00f3w, Poland). In vitro, the Paenibacillus sp. supernatant showed the broadest and strongest activity, with inhibition of mycelial growth comparable to prothioconazole for several pathogens, particularly A. brassicicola and B. cinerea. Garlic extract was most effective against S. sclerotiorum and B. cinerea, with efficacy increasing with concentration and reaching complete inhibition at 10%; because each concentration was analysed in a separate one-way model, this concentration trend is reported descriptively and was not formally tested as a product \u00d7 concentration interaction. Jerusalem artichoke extract was consistently the most effective agent against P. lingam (88\u201392% inhibition, largely independent of concentration), while Enterobacter sp. showed a comparatively narrow spectrum, with no measurable activity against B. cinerea and only negligible activity against S. sclerotiorum (\u22646% inhibition at all tested concentrations). In the greenhouse, all four bioproducts significantly stimulated seedling growth, with fresh shoot weight increases exceeding 100% relative to the untreated control; fresh root weight showed a similar but non-significant trend. Under field conditions, garlic extract and Paenibacillus sp. gave the most consistent statistically significant and, in several site-years, fungicide-comparable control of Phoma stem canker (Phoma lingam) and Alternaria black spot (Alternaria spp.), occasionally matching the fungicide Protikon 250 EC; on the other hand, Enterobacter sp. was more variable and Jerusalem artichoke extract intermediate. Seed yield was increased over the untreated control at Rzesz\u00f3w in both seasons, with the exception of Enterobacter sp. in 2023\/2024, but not at Winna G\u00f3ra, and thousand-seed weight was unaffected by treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31183195","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T14:11:22Z","timestamp":1789049482000},"page":"3195","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Biocontrol of Fungal Pathogens of Winter Oilseed Rape (Brassica napus L.) Using Plant Extracts (Allium sativum, Helianthus tuberosus) and Bacterial Fermentation Supernatants (Paenibacillus, Enterobacter)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0252-8573","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jakub","family":"Danielewicz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mycology, Institute of Plant Protection, W\u0142adys\u0142awa W\u0119gorka 20, 60-318 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ewa","family":"Jajor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mycology, Institute of Plant Protection, W\u0142adys\u0142awa W\u0119gorka 20, 60-318 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanna","family":"Horoszkiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mycology, Institute of Plant Protection, W\u0142adys\u0142awa W\u0119gorka 20, 60-318 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marek","family":"Korbas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mycology, Institute of Plant Protection, W\u0142adys\u0142awa W\u0119gorka 20, 60-318 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilona","family":"\u015awierczy\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mycology, Institute of Plant Protection, W\u0142adys\u0142awa W\u0119gorka 20, 60-318 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u0141ukasz","family":"Siekaniec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regional Experiment Station in Rzesz\u00f3w, Institute of Plant Protection, Boya-\u017bele\u0144skiego 15, 35-105 Rzesz\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-9526-3413","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcin","family":"Podle\u015bny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fermentation Technology Department, Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology, Rakowiecka 36, 02-532 Warszawa, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marzena","family":"Mikos-Szyma\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupa Azoty Zak\u0142ady Azotowe \u201cPu\u0142awy\u201d S.A., Al. Tysi\u0105clecia Pa\u0144stwa Polskiego 13, 24-110 Pu\u0142awy, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Klimczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupa Azoty Zak\u0142ady Azotowe \u201cPu\u0142awy\u201d S.A., Al. Tysi\u0105clecia Pa\u0144stwa Polskiego 13, 24-110 Pu\u0142awy, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomasz","family":"Szymczak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupa Azoty Zak\u0142ady Azotowe \u201cPu\u0142awy\u201d S.A., Al. Tysi\u0105clecia Pa\u0144stwa Polskiego 13, 24-110 Pu\u0142awy, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jagoda","family":"Kucharska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupa Azoty Zak\u0142ady Azotowe \u201cPu\u0142awy\u201d S.A., Al. Tysi\u0105clecia Pa\u0144stwa Polskiego 13, 24-110 Pu\u0142awy, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monika","family":"Kobia\u0142ka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupa Azoty Zak\u0142ady Azotowe \u201cPu\u0142awy\u201d S.A., Al. Tysi\u0105clecia Pa\u0144stwa Polskiego 13, 24-110 Pu\u0142awy, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0102-0084","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan","family":"Bocianowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematical and Statistical Methods, Pozna\u0144 University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 28, 60-637 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s10658-005-2233-5","article-title":"World-Wide Importance of Phoma Stem Canker (Leptosphaeria maculans and L. biglobosa) on Oilseed Rape (Brassica napus)","volume":"114","author":"Fitt","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. J. 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