{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T05:06:37Z","timestamp":1789189597567,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":181,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788998400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This review synthesizes 50 years of thermodynamic research in supramolecular chemistry, focusing on the interactions of diverse receptors with ionic and neutral species across various media. By evaluating a selection of foundational publications, this work highlights the critical role of host\u2013guest selectivity. Crucially, we emphasize that a deep understanding of fundamental thermodynamics, including binding constants, enthalpy, and entropy changes, is essential to rationally guide and optimize practical applications. In doing so, we used nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, conductometry, potentiometry and titration microcalorimetry to characterize solution processes. We consider the scope and limitations of these techniques as well as the inherent limitations of the reaction media. We analyze how solution studies correlate with solid state profiles derived from X-ray diffraction (XRD) scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive atomic X-ray spectroscopy (EDAX), thermogravimetric analysis and infrared (IR) spectroscopy. This foundational knowledge bridges theory and practice, driving applications in environmental remediation, such as targeted pollutant removal, and the development of highly sensitive, on-site sensing devices for real-time water monitoring. Finally, based on the historical trends and current gaps identified in the selected literature, we offer strategic suggestions for further research in this area.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31183197","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T14:11:22Z","timestamp":1789049482000},"page":"3197","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Half-Century of Supramolecular Thermodynamics: A Retrospective of Our Multidisciplinary Approach"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Angela F.","family":"Danil de Namor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Thermochemistry, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, Surrey, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nawal","family":"Al Hakawati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Thermochemistry, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, Surrey, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.198800891","article-title":"Supramolecular Chemistry\u2014Scope and Perspectives Molecules, Supermolecules, and Molecular Devices (Nobel Lecture)","volume":"27","author":"Lehn","year":"1988","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7098","DOI":"10.1039\/c3nr02176a","article-title":"Supramolecular Self-Assemblies as Functional Nanomaterials","volume":"5","author":"Busseron","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Cox, B.G., and Schneider, H. (1992). Coordination and Transport Properties of Macrocyclic Compounds in Solution, Elsevier. Studies in Physical and Theoretical Chemistry."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Asfari, Z., B\u00f6hmer, V., Harrowfield, J., Vicens, J., and Saadioui, M. (2002). Thermodynamics of Calixarene-Ion Interactions. Calixarenes 2001, Kluwer Academic Publishers.","DOI":"10.1007\/0-306-47522-7"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1039\/c39770000893","article-title":"A Thermochemical Cycle for the Heat of Complexing of Na+ and K+ Cations with Cryptand 222 in Water and Methanol","volume":"23","author":"Abraham","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1039\/C39790000374","article-title":"Thermodynamics of 222 Cryptates and the Selective Transfer of Ions in the Water\u2013Methanol System","volume":"8","author":"Abraham","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Ghousseini, L. (1985). Thermodynamics of Metal Ion Cryptates and Cryptand 222 in Dipolar Aprotic Solvents. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of Surrey]."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"2349","article-title":"Thermodynamics of Metal-Ion Cryptates and Cryptand 222 in N,N-Dimethylformamide and Dimethyl Sulphoxide","volume":"80","author":"Ghousseini","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 1 Phys. Chem. Condens. Phases"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1071\/CH9740477","article-title":"Solvation of Ions. XIX. Thermodynamic Properties for Transfer of Single Ions between Protic and Dipolar Aprotic Solvents","volume":"27","author":"Cox","year":"1974","journal-title":"Aust. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"955","article-title":"Solubility of Electrolytes in 1,2-Dichloroethane and 1,1-Dichloroethane, and Derived Free Energies of Transfer","volume":"72","author":"Abraham","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 1 Phys. Chem. Condens. Phases"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00647376","article-title":"Heats of Solution of 1:1 Electrolytes in 1,2- and 1,1-Dichloroethane and Derived Enthalpies and Entropies of Transfer of Electrolytes from Water to These Solvents","volume":"5","author":"Abraham","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. Solut. Chem."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"1001","article-title":"Free Energies of Transfer of Ions from Water to Butan-1-Ol","volume":"79","author":"Sigstad","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 1 Phys. Chem. Condens. Phases"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"2713","article-title":"Free Energies of Transfer of 1: 1 Electrolytes from Water to Nitrobenzene. Partition of Ions in the Water + Nitrobenzene System","volume":"79","author":"Hill","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 1 Phys. Chem. Condens. Phases"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"2705","article-title":"Transfer and Partition Free Energies of 1: 1 Electrolytes in the Water\u2013Dichloromethane Solvent System at 298.15 K","volume":"85","author":"Traboulssi","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 1 Phys. Chem. Condens. Phases"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14485","DOI":"10.1021\/jp960519a","article-title":"Thermodynamics of Lithium\u2212Crown Ether (12-Crown-4 and 1-Benzyl-1-Aza-12-Crown-4) Interactions in Acetonitrile and Propylene Carbonate. The Anion Effect on the Coordination Process","volume":"100","author":"Ng","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2889","DOI":"10.1016\/S0040-4039(01)88300-3","article-title":"Les Cryptates","volume":"10","author":"Dietrich","year":"1969","journal-title":"Tetrahedron Lett."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2916","DOI":"10.1021\/ja00712a053","article-title":"Cryptates. Cation Exchange Rates","volume":"92","author":"Lehn","year":"1970","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1021\/ar50122a001","article-title":"Cryptates: The Chemistry of Macropolycyclic Inclusion Complexes","volume":"11","author":"Lehn","year":"1978","journal-title":"Acc. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1351\/pac197850090871","article-title":"Cryptates: Inclusion Complexes of Macropolycyclic Receptor Molecules","volume":"50","author":"Lehn","year":"1978","journal-title":"Pure Appl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1126\/science.227.4689.849","article-title":"Supramolecular Chemistry: Receptors, Catalysts, and Carriers","volume":"227","author":"Lehn","year":"1985","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1039\/c39750000478","article-title":"Use of Cryptates in the Determination of Single-Ion Free Energies of Transfer between Two Solvents","volume":"11","author":"Villermaux","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3326","DOI":"10.1021\/ic50190a003","article-title":"Cryptate Formation in Nonaqueous Solvents: New Aspects in Single-Ion Thermodynamics","volume":"17","author":"Gutknecht","year":"1978","journal-title":"Inorg. Chem."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1351\/pac198961020123","article-title":"Solution Microcalorimetry","volume":"61","author":"Hallen","year":"1989","journal-title":"Pure Appl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1021\/ic50203a012","article-title":"An Experimental Test of Cryptate Assumptions in the Assignment of Single-Ion Enthalpies of Transfer","volume":"19","author":"Abraham","year":"1980","journal-title":"Inorg. Chem."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"781","article-title":"Enthalpies and Entropies of Complexation of Cryptand 222 and Metal Ions in Propylene Carbonate and Acetonitrile. Derived Thermodynamic Parameters for the Transfer of Metal-Ion Cryptates","volume":"81","author":"Ghousseini","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 1 Phys. Chem. Condens. Phases"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"2495","article-title":"Stability Constants and Free Energies of Complexation of Metal-Ion Cryptates in Nitromethane. Derived Parameters for the Extraction of Cations by Cryptand 222 from Water to Pure Nitromethane","volume":"81","author":"Ghousseini","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 1 Phys. Chem. Condens. Phases"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"349","article-title":"Alkali-Metal Cryptates in Nitromethane. Thermodynamic Parameters for Complex Formation and for Transfer among Different Solvents","volume":"82","author":"Ghousseini","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 1 Phys. Chem. Condens. Phases"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"3275","article-title":"Thermodynamic Parameters of Electrolyte Solutions in Nitromethane","volume":"82","author":"Ghousseini","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 1 Phys. Chem. Condens. Phases"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1384","DOI":"10.1021\/ja00396a016","article-title":"Solvent Dependence of the Stability of Cryptate Complexes","volume":"103","author":"Cox","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"2441","article-title":"Linear Correlation between Entropies of Complexation of Cryptand 222 with Metal Ions in Non-Aqueous Solvents and Entropies of Solvation of These Ions in These Solvents","volume":"84","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 1 Phys. Chem. Condens. Phases"},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Naden, D., and Streat, M. (1984). Interaction between a Resin Containing Dibenzo-18-Crown-6 and Organic Molecules. Ion Exchange Technology, Ellis Horwood."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-5387(00)84446-0","article-title":"Extraction of 1:1 Electrolytes from Aqueous Solutions by Resins Containing Dibenzo-18-Crown-6 as Anchor Groups","volume":"5","author":"Sigstad","year":"1986","journal-title":"Polyhedron"},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"2663","article-title":"Complexation and Transfer Free Energies of Metal-Ion Dibenzocryptates","volume":"83","author":"Greenwood","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 1 Phys. Chem. Condens. Phases"},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"3539","article-title":"Thermodynamic Parameters for the Complexation Process between Metal(I) Cations and Dibenzocryptand 222 in Dipolar, Aprotic Solvents. Linear Correlation between Entropies of Complexation and Entropies of Solvation of Cations","volume":"84","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 1 Phys. Chem. Condens. Phases"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"255","article-title":"Single-Ion Enthalpies for Transfer between Dipolar Aprotic Solvents Derived from Enthalpies of Solution of Potassium and Alkaline-Earth(II) Metal Cryptates in These Solvents","volume":"84","author":"Hill","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 1 Phys. Chem. Condens. Phases"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1643","DOI":"10.1021\/jp962568t","article-title":"Solution Thermodynamics of Ba(II)\u2212Cryptand 222 in Various Solvents and Derived Coordination Data in the Solid State","volume":"101","author":"Kowalska","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2847","DOI":"10.1039\/DT9840002847","article-title":"Complexation of the Lanthanides by Cryptand 2.2.2 in Propylene Carbonate: An Electrochemical Determination of the Thermodynamic Parameters","volume":"13","author":"Gillain","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Chem. Soc. Dalton Trans."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1296","DOI":"10.1002\/hlca.19830660429","article-title":"Complexes Macrocycliques Des Lanthanides: Stabilit\u00e9 et Comportement \u00c9lectrochimique Dans Le M\u00e9thanol et Le Carbonate de Propyl\u00e8ne","volume":"66","author":"Almasio","year":"1983","journal-title":"Helv. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1039\/ft9908600089","article-title":"Solution Thermodynamics of Lanthanide(III) Cations (La3+, Pr3+ and Nd3+) and Cryptands in Propylene Carbonate and in Acetonitrile","volume":"86","author":"Ritt","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1080\/00958970310001624311","article-title":"Solution Thermodynamics of Lanthanide\u2013Cryptand 222 Complexation Processes","volume":"56","author":"Chahine","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Coord. Chem."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11796","DOI":"10.1021\/j100096a027","article-title":"Thermodynamic, Structural, and Conductance Studies of Lithium Coronand Electrolytes Relevant to Lithium Battery Technology","volume":"98","author":"Salomon","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1351\/pac199567071095","article-title":"Lithium-Coronand Electrolytes: Thermodynamic and Electrochemical Aspects","volume":"67","author":"Ng","year":"1995","journal-title":"Pure Appl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3150","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.31828","article-title":"Recent Developments of Supramolecular Metal-Based Structures for Applications in Cancer Therapy and Imaging","volume":"9","author":"Casini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1312","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.9b03939","article-title":"Supramolecular Peptide Gels: Influencing Properties by Metal Ion Coordination and Their Wide-Ranging Applications","volume":"5","author":"Shao","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2023.215225","article-title":"Metal-Based Gels: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications","volume":"492","author":"Picci","year":"2023","journal-title":"Coord. Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12249","DOI":"10.1039\/D0SC04585C","article-title":"Over One Century After Discovery Pyrylium Salt Chemistry Emerging as a Powerful Approach for the Construction of Complex Macrocycles and Metallo-Supramolecular","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202409834","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202409834","article-title":"Challenges and Applications of Supramolecular Metalate Chemistry","volume":"63","author":"Ngwenya","year":"2024","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39334","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.5c05907","article-title":"Organic Salts as Supramolecular Hosts with Various Applications","volume":"10","author":"Singh","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2024.216147","article-title":"Utilizing the Metal Coordination and Supramolecular Chemistry of Macrocycles to Tackle Medicinal Issues","volume":"523","author":"Redshaw","year":"2025","journal-title":"Coord. Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202403999","DOI":"10.1002\/chem.202403999","article-title":"Supramolecular Gels Derived from Primary Ammonium Salts of Naproxen and Its Amino Acid Derivatives: Design, Synthesis, Structures and Its Application as Anti-cancer Agent Against Melanoma Cell B16-F10","volume":"31","author":"Manna","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chem. Eur. J."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scognamiglio, P.L., Tesauro, D., and Roviello, G.N. (2025). Metallogels as Supramolecular Platforms for Biomedical Applications: A Review. Processes, 13.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202511.0700.v1"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e16383","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202516383","article-title":"Engineering Supramolecular Assemblies via Metal\u2013Metal Interactions for Biological Applications","volume":"64","author":"He","year":"2025","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6405","DOI":"10.1021\/ja00461a037","article-title":"Host-Guest Complexation. 5. Convergent Functional Groups in Macrocyclic Polyethers","volume":"99","author":"Newcomb","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1021\/cr00068a003","article-title":"Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data for Cation-Macrocycle Interaction","volume":"85","author":"Izatt","year":"1985","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"116","article-title":"The First Thermodynamic Data on the Complexation of Amino Acids with Cryptand 222 in Methanol at 298.15K","volume":"26","author":"Ritt","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3231","DOI":"10.1039\/FT9918703231","article-title":"Solution Thermodynamics of Amino Acid\u201318-Crown-6 and Amino Acid\u2013Cryptand 222 Complexes in Methanol and Ethanol. Linear Enthalpy\u2013Entropy Compensation Effect","volume":"87","author":"Ritt","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1021\/ja00369a035","article-title":"Structures of the 1:1 Complexes of 18-Crown-6 with Hydrazinium Perchlorate, Hydroxylammonium Perchlorate, and Methylammonium Perchlorate","volume":"104","author":"Trueblood","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5687","DOI":"10.1021\/ja00126a009","article-title":"Solvent Reorganization and Thermodynamic Enthalpy-Entropy Compensation","volume":"117","author":"Grunwald","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10940","DOI":"10.1021\/cr500081p","article-title":"Review: A History of Cyclodextrins","volume":"114","author":"Crini","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Musuc, A.M. (2024). Cyclodextrins: Advances in Chemistry, Toxicology, and Multifaceted Applications. Molecules, 29.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29225319"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3910","DOI":"10.36948\/ijfmr.2023.v05i03.3910","article-title":"A Systematic Review on Cyclodextrin: A Versatile Tool for Enhanced Formulations and Diverse Applications","volume":"5","author":"Choudhary","year":"2023","journal-title":"IJFMR"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8215","DOI":"10.1111\/1750-3841.17527","article-title":"Cyclodextrin as a Singular Oligosaccharide: Recent Advances of Health Benefit and in Food Applications","volume":"89","author":"Sevim","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1021\/ja00977a003","article-title":"Inclusion Compounds. XIX.1a The Formation of Inclusion Compounds of \u03b1-Cyclodextrin in Aqueous Solutions. Thermodynamics and kinetics","volume":"89","author":"Cramer","year":"1967","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8442","DOI":"10.1021\/ja00179a031","article-title":"Host Properties of Cyclodextrins towards Anion Constituents of Antigenic Determinants. A Thermodynamic Study in Water and in N,N-Dimethylformamide","volume":"112","author":"Traboulssi","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1039\/ft9908600501","article-title":"Solution Studies of Haptens Containing Azobenzoate and Substituted Azobenzoate Anions in Water and in Methanol","volume":"86","author":"Traboulssi","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1039\/ft9908601067","article-title":"Enthalpies and Entropies of Solution of Electrolytes Containing 4-Hydroxyphenylazobenzoate and Chloro-4-Hydroxyphenylazobenzoate Anions in Water and in Methanol. Derived Single-Ion Values for the Transfer of These Anions from Water to Methanol","volume":"86","author":"Traboulssi","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2193","DOI":"10.1039\/ft9908602193","article-title":"Solution Thermodynamics of Haptens Containing 4-Hydroxyphenylazobenzoate and Substituted 4-Hydroxyphenylazobenzoate Anions in N,N-Dimethylformamide","volume":"86","author":"Traboulssi","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1665","DOI":"10.1039\/FT9928801665","article-title":"Effect of \u03b2-Cyclodextrin on the Transfer of N1 -Substituted Sulfonamides from Water to Chloroform","volume":"88","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans."},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"Smolen, V.F., and Ball, L.A. (1985). Molecular Entrapment and Release Properties of Drugs by Cyclodextrins. Controlled Drug Bioavailability, Wiley."},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"1","article-title":"Cyclodextrins in Drug Carrier Systems","volume":"3","author":"Uekama","year":"1987","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Ther. Drug Carr. Syst."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3413","DOI":"10.1248\/cpb.35.3413","article-title":"Inclusion Complexes of Poorly Water-Soluble Drugs with Glucosyl-Cyclodextrins","volume":"35","author":"Koizumi","year":"1987","journal-title":"Chem. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Danil de Namor, A.F., Cambanis, A., Al Hakawati, N., and Khalife, R. (2022). From Solution Studies of Pharmaceuticals (Aspirin and Related Compounds) to the Thermodynamics of Aspirin-\u03b2-Cyclodextrin Interaction in Water and N,N-Dimethylformamide. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms231911750"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1039\/FT9949000845","article-title":"Cyclodextrin\u2013Monosaccharide Interactions in Water","volume":"90","author":"Blackett","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1002\/cber.187200502157","article-title":"Ueber Die Verbindungen Der Aldehyde Mit Den Phenolen Und Aromatischen Kohlenwasserstoffen","volume":"5","author":"Baeyer","year":"1872","journal-title":"Ber. Dtsch. Chem. Ges."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1002\/jctb.5010010606","article-title":"The Chemistry of Phenolic Resins and the Processes Leading to Their Formation","volume":"1","author":"Zinke","year":"1951","journal-title":"J. Appl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2512","DOI":"10.1021\/ja01866a067","article-title":"Aldehyde\u2014Resorcinol Condensations1","volume":"62","author":"Niederl","year":"1940","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4905","DOI":"10.1021\/jo00419a052","article-title":"Calixarenes. 1. Analysis of the Product Mixtures Produced by the Base-Catalyzed Condensation of Formaldehyde with para-Substituted Phenols","volume":"43","author":"Gutsche","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Org. Chem."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2213","DOI":"10.1016\/S0040-4039(01)93679-2","article-title":"Calixarenes. II. The Isolation and Characterization of the Calix[4]arene and the Bishomooxacalix[4]arene from A p-t-Butylphenol-Formaldehyde Condensation Product","volume":"20","author":"Gutsche","year":"1979","journal-title":"Tetrahedron Lett."},{"key":"ref_79","unstructured":"Stoddart, F. (1989). Calixarenes. Monographs in Supramolecular Chemistry, Royal Society of Chemistry."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gutsche, C.D. (1998). Calixarenes Revisited, The Royal Society of Chemistry.","DOI":"10.1039\/9781847550293"},{"key":"ref_81","unstructured":"Gutsche, C.D. (2008). Calixarenes: An Introduction, Royal Society of Chemistry. [2nd ed.]. Monographs in Supramolecular Chemistry."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vicens, J., and B\u00f6hmer, V. (1990). Calixarenes: A Versatile Class of Macrocyclic Compounds, Springer. Topics in Inclusion Science.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-009-2013-2"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mandolini, L., and Ungaro, R. (2000). Calixarenes in Action, Imperial College Press and Distributed World Scientific Publishing Co.","DOI":"10.1142\/p168"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Asfari, Z., B\u00f6hmer, V., Harrowfield, J., Vicens, J., and Saadioui, M. (2001). Calixarenes 2001, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/0-306-47522-7"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vicens, J., Harrowfield, J., and Baklouti, L. (2007). Calixarenes in the Nanoworld, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4020-5022-4"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neri, P., Sessler, J.L., and Wang, M.-X. (2016). Calixarenes and Beyond, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-31867-7"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marcos, P.M. (2024). Calixarene Complexes: Synthesis, Properties and Applications II, MDPI.","DOI":"10.3390\/books978-3-7258-0173-2"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6063","DOI":"10.1021\/ja00307a040","article-title":"Calixarenes. 15. The Formation of Complexes of Calixarenes with Neutral Organic Molecules in Solution","volume":"107","author":"Bauer","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4314","DOI":"10.1021\/ja00248a029","article-title":"Calixarenes. 20. The Interaction of Calixarenes and Amines","volume":"109","author":"Gutsche","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1351\/pac198860040483","article-title":"Conformational and Complexational Characteristics of Calixarenes","volume":"60","author":"Gutsche","year":"1988","journal-title":"Pure Appl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1002\/prac.19913330314","article-title":"Calix[n]arenes. IV. Interaction of tert-Butylcalix[n]Arenes with Cyclic Amines","volume":"333","author":"Seiffarth","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Prakt. Chem."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2593","DOI":"10.1039\/c39940002593","article-title":"Molecular Diagnostics: Synthesis of New Chromogenic Calix[8]arenes as Potential Reagents for Detection of Amines","volume":"30","author":"Chawla","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_93","first-page":"855","article-title":"First Report on Electrochemical, Thermodynamic and Structural Aspects of the Interaction of p-Tert-Butylcalix[8]arene and Cryptands in Benzonitrile","volume":"28","author":"Cabaleiro","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2727","DOI":"10.1039\/FT9938902727","article-title":"From Neutral to Ionic Species: Amine\u2013p-Tert-Butylcalix[n]arene (N= 6, 8) Interaction. Electrochemical, Thermodynamic and Structural Studies in Benzonitrile","volume":"89","author":"Cabaleiro","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1351\/pac199365030415","article-title":"From Molecules to Electrolytes. Electrochemical and Thermodynamic Aspects of the Interaction of Phenol and Resorcinol Based Calixarenes with Amines","volume":"65","author":"Blackett","year":"1993","journal-title":"Pure Appl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vicens, J., Asfari, Z., and Harrowfield, J.M. (1994). Calixarenes 50th Anniversary: Commemorative Issue, Kluwer Academic.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-011-0267-4"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2495","DOI":"10.1021\/cr970095w","article-title":"Thermodynamics of Calixarene Chemistry","volume":"98","author":"Cleverley","year":"1998","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_98","first-page":"1546","article-title":"The Solution Thermodynamics of Ethyl P-Tert-Butylcalix[4]arene Tetraacetate and Its Alkali Metal Complexes in Acetonitrile and Methanol","volume":"27","author":"McKervey","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16776","DOI":"10.1021\/j100045a044","article-title":"Thermodynamics of Calix[4]arene Esters. 1. Complexation of Alkyl p-Tert-Butylcalix[4]arenetetraethanoates and Alkali-Metal Cations in Acetonitrile and in Benzonitrile","volume":"99","author":"Gil","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1351\/pac199466030435","article-title":"Thermodynamic and Electrochemical Aspects of the Interactions of Functionalised Calix[4]arenes and Metal Cations in \u201cAllosteric Media\u201d","volume":"66","author":"Cabaleiro","year":"1994","journal-title":"Pure Appl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3286","DOI":"10.1039\/b316080g","article-title":"Ethyl p-tert-Butylcalix[4]arene Ethanoate: The Role of Acetonitrile in the Extraction of Alkali-Metal Picrates and on the X-Ray Structures of the Sodium Complexes","volume":"6","author":"Pugliese","year":"2004","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16781","DOI":"10.1021\/j100045a045","article-title":"Thermodynamics of Alkyl p-tert-Butylcalix[4]arenetetraethanoates. 2. Solution Studies of Calix[4]arene Esters and Lithium and Sodium Ethylcalix[4]arene Ester Complexes: Coordination Data in the Solid State","volume":"99","author":"Gil","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4010","DOI":"10.1039\/b104355m","article-title":"Lower Rim Calix(4)arene Ketone Derivatives and Their Interaction with Alkali Metal Cations. Structural and Thermodynamic (Solution and Complexation) Characterisation of the Tetraphenyl Ketone Derivative and Its Sodium Complex","volume":"3","author":"Kowalska","year":"2001","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12824","DOI":"10.1021\/ja020764+","article-title":"Selective Interaction of Lower Rim Calix[4]arene Derivatives and Bivalent Cations in Solution. Crystallographic Evidence of the Versatile Behavior of Acetonitrile in Lead(II) and Cadmium(II) Complexes","volume":"124","author":"Chahine","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7321","DOI":"10.1021\/jp072128+","article-title":"Thermodynamics of Ethyl p-Tert -Butylcalix[5]arene Pentanoate and Its Cation Complexes in Nonaqueous Media","volume":"111","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_106","first-page":"1","article-title":"An Enchiridion of Supramolecular Thermodynamics: Calix[n]arene (n = 4,5,6) Tertiary Amide Derivatives and Their Ionic Recognition","volume":"86","author":"Webb","year":"2013","journal-title":"Croat. Chem. Acta"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6264","DOI":"10.1021\/ic300474s","article-title":"An Integrated Approach (Thermodynamic, Structural, and Computational) to the Study of Complexation of Alkali-Metal Cations by a Lower-Rim Calix[4]arene Amide Derivative in Acetonitrile","volume":"51","author":"Horvat","year":"2012","journal-title":"Inorg. Chem."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12702","DOI":"10.1021\/ic4019184","article-title":"The Effect of Specific Solvent\u2013Solute Interactions on Complexation of Alkali-Metal Cations by a Lower-Rim Calix[4]arene Amide Derivative","volume":"52","author":"Horvat","year":"2013","journal-title":"Inorg. Chem."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24316","DOI":"10.1039\/C7CP03920D","article-title":"A Comprehensive Study of the Complexation of Alkali Metal Cations by Lower Rim Calix[4]arene Amide Derivatives","volume":"19","author":"Horvat","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.1021\/jp030197s","article-title":"Complexation of Calix[4]arene Derivatives and Trivalent Cations in Dipolar Aprotic Media","volume":"108","author":"Baron","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5407","DOI":"10.1021\/jo00284a001","article-title":"Calix[4]arenes with Pyridine Pendant Groups. Regioselective Proximal Alkylation at the \u201cLower Rim.\u201d","volume":"54","author":"Bottino","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Org. Chem."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2407","DOI":"10.1021\/jo951521l","article-title":"Functionalization of p-tert -Butylcalix[5]arene by Alkylation with 2-(Chloromethyl)Pyridine Hydrochloride","volume":"61","author":"Pappalardo","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Org. Chem."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00708976","article-title":"Synthesis and Properties of Pyridinocalixarenes","volume":"19","author":"Bottino","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Incl. Phenom. Macrocycl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4576","DOI":"10.1021\/jo00119a040","article-title":"Synthesis and Complexation Studies of Regioisomers and Conformational Isomers of p- tert-Butylcalix[4]arene Bearing Pyridine or Pyridine N-Oxide Pendant Groups at the Lower Rim","volume":"60","author":"Pappalardo","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Org. Chem."},{"key":"ref_115","first-page":"465","article-title":"Self-Filled Partial Cone Pyridinocalix[4]arenes","volume":"20","author":"Pappalardo","year":"1996","journal-title":"New J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_116","first-page":"283","article-title":"Solution Thermodynamics of Pyridinocalix[4]arenes and Monovalent Cations","volume":"190\u2013192","year":"1999","journal-title":"Coord. Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3097","DOI":"10.1039\/a805430d","article-title":"Solution Thermodynamics of Geometrical Isomers of Pyridino Calix[4]arenes and Their Interaction with the Silver Cation. The X-Ray Structure of a 1:1 Complex of Silver Perchlorate and Acetonitrile with 5,11,17,23-Tetra-tert-Butyl-[25,26,27,28-Tetrakis(2- Pyridylmethyl)oxy]Calix[4]arene","volume":"94","author":"Piro","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1039\/a806902f","article-title":"Thermodynamics of Cation (Alkali-Metal) Complexation by 5,11,17,23-Tetra-Tert-Butyl[25,26,27,28-Tetrakis(2-Pyridylmethyl)Oxy]- Calix[4]arene and the Crystal Structure\u2013Superstructure of Its 1:1 Complex with Sodium and Acetonitrile","volume":"1","author":"Castellano","year":"1999","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1885","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-5387(96)00485-8","article-title":"Reaction of Tetrakis[(3-Pyridylmethyl)Oxyl] p-Tert-Butylcalix[4]arene with KAuCl4 and K2PtCl6. New Pyridinocalix[4]arene Adducts of Gold(III) and Platinum(IV)","volume":"16","author":"Cabaleiro","year":"1997","journal-title":"Polyhedron"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14735","DOI":"10.1021\/jp0514630","article-title":"A Calix[4]arene Pyridine Derivative and Its Monomeric Component: Structural and Thermodynamic Aspects of Their Complexation with Metal Cations","volume":"109","author":"Soualhi","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3955","DOI":"10.1039\/a704958g","article-title":"The First Quantitative Assessment of the Individual Processes Involved in the Extraction of Alkali-Metal Picrates by Ethyl p-tert-Butylcalix[4]arenetetraethanoate in the Water-Benzonitrile Solvent System","volume":"93","author":"Casal","year":"1997","journal-title":"Faraday Trans."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4355","DOI":"10.1039\/b004703l","article-title":"The Various Factors Involved in the Extraction of Alkali Metal Picrates by Calixarene Ester Derivatives in the Mutually Saturated Water\u2013Dichloromethane Solvent System","volume":"2","author":"Pugliese","year":"2000","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1731","DOI":"10.1039\/FT9969201731","article-title":"New Lower Rim Calix[4]arene Amine Derivatives: Synthesis, Characterisation and Acid\u2013Base Properties. Potential Anion and Cation Binders","volume":"92","author":"Cabaleiro","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1039\/a708720i","article-title":"X-Ray Diffraction Studies and Solution Thermodynamics of 5,7,17,23-p-tert -Butyl-25,26,27,28-Tetra(Diethylamine)Ethoxy- Calix(4)Arene","volume":"94","author":"Hutcherson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Faraday Trans."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-1693(98)00304-1","article-title":"The First Crystal Structure of a Complex from a Lower Rim Calix(4)arene Alicyclic Amino Derivative: {tetrakis[1-(Ethyl)Piperidinium]Oxyl}p-tert-Butylcalix[4]arene-Bis-[Tetrachloroaurate(III)]Dichloro Dihydrate","volume":"285","author":"Piro","year":"1999","journal-title":"Inorg. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3633","DOI":"10.1039\/a901438a","article-title":"Lower Rim Calix[4]arene Derivatives: Complexation with Silver in Non-Aqueous Media and Extraction of This Cation in the Water\u2013Nitrobenzene Solvent System","volume":"1","author":"Casal","year":"1999","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5242","DOI":"10.1039\/b107411n","article-title":"Extraction of Silver (I) by Calixarene Amine Derivatives: The Medium Effect on the Stoichiometry of the Phase Transfer Extraction Process","volume":"3","author":"Goitia","year":"2001","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33524","DOI":"10.1039\/C5RA02551F","article-title":"Calix[4]arene Amine Modified Silica: From Fundamentals to New Recyclable Materials for the Removal of Chlorophenoxy Acids from Water","volume":"5","author":"Piro","year":"2015","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4143","DOI":"10.1007\/s13762-021-03417-9","article-title":"Amine-Modified Silica for Removing Aspirin from Water","volume":"19","author":"Fairclough","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_130","first-page":"1","article-title":"A Calix[4]arene Derivative and Its Selective Interaction with Drugs (Clofibric Acid, Diclofenac and Aspirin)","volume":"100","author":"Bryant","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_131","first-page":"2933","article-title":"Synthesis, Characterisation and X-Ray Diffraction Studies of New Lower Rim Calix[4]arene Derivatives Containing Mixed Donor Atoms","volume":"27","author":"Hutcherson","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 1"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1021\/ja00080a015","article-title":"Kinetically Stable Complexes of Alkali Cations with Calixspherands: An Evaluation of Shielding","volume":"116","author":"Haas","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7839","DOI":"10.1021\/jp981778y","article-title":"The Medium Effect on the Thermodynamics of Complexation of 5,11,17,23-Tetrakis-(1,1-Dimethylethyl)-25,27-Bis(Methylthioethoxy)- 26,28-Bis[(Diethylamine)Ethoxy]Calix[4]arene and the Silver Cation","volume":"102","author":"Hutcherson","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11384","DOI":"10.1021\/jp040069j","article-title":"Thermodynamics of Host\u2212Guest Interactions in Lower Rim Functionalized Calix[4]aenes and Metal Cations: The Medium Effect","volume":"108","author":"Chahine","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6743","DOI":"10.1021\/jp0514067","article-title":"Solvent Control on the Selective, Nonselective, and Absent Response of a Partially Substituted Lower Rim Calix[4]arene Derivative for Soft Metal Cations (Mercury(II) and Silver(I)). Structural and Thermodynamic Studies","volume":"109","author":"Chahine","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18096","DOI":"10.1021\/jp053134d","article-title":"Solvation Effect of Guest, Supramolecular Host, and Host\u2212Guest Compounds on the Thermodynamic Selectivity of Calix(4)arene Derivatives and Soft Metal Cations","volume":"109","author":"Chahine","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_137","first-page":"3844","article-title":"A Preliminary Observation of Additive Thermodynamic Contribution of Pendant Arms to the Complexation of Calixarene Derivatives with Mercury(II)","volume":"30","author":"Chahine","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6922","DOI":"10.1021\/jp110195f","article-title":"Calixarene and Resorcarene Based Receptors: From Structural and Thermodynamic Studies to the Synthesis of a New Mercury(II) Selective Material","volume":"115","author":"Nwogu","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1039\/C2CS35233H","article-title":"Biological Applications of Functionalized Calixarenes","volume":"42","author":"Nimse","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1080\/10610278.2019.1616732","article-title":"Assessment of the in Vitro Toxicity of Calixarenes and a Metal-Seamed Calixarene: A Chemical Pathway for Clinical Application","volume":"31","author":"Dawn","year":"2019","journal-title":"Supramol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1039\/C0NJ00580K","article-title":"A New Calix[4]arene Derivative and Its Ionic Recognition for Silver(I) and Mercury(II): The Solvent Effect","volume":"35","year":"2011","journal-title":"New J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Danil de Namor, A.F., Al Hakawati, N., and Farhat, S.Y. (2022). Targeting Colorectal Cancer Cells with a Functionalised Calix[4]arene Receptor: Biophysical Studies. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27020510"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9575","DOI":"10.1021\/jp062154s","article-title":"Cation\/Anion Recognition by A Partially Substituted Lower Rim Calix[4]arene Hydroxyamide, A Ditopic Receptor","volume":"110","author":"Chaaban","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1039\/b209598j","article-title":"Chromogenic Anion Sensors","volume":"32","author":"Suksai","year":"2003","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1039\/D3AY01840G","article-title":"Ratiometric Fluorescence-Based and Chromogenic Sensors for the Detection of Fluoride Ions and Their Application in Real Samples","volume":"16","author":"Dutta","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anal. Methods"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Danil de Namor, A.F., and Al Hakawati, N. (2023). Anion Complexation by an Azocalix[4]arene Derivative and the Scope of Its Fluoride Complex Salt to Capture CO2 from the Air. Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28166029"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2782","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.199627821","article-title":"Anion Binding: Self-Assembly of Polypyrrolic Macrocycles","volume":"35","author":"Sessler","year":"1996","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2184","DOI":"10.1002\/cber.188601902121","article-title":"Ueber Ein Condensationsproduct von Pyrrol Mit Aceton","volume":"19","author":"Baeyer","year":"1886","journal-title":"Ber. Dtsch. Chem. Ges."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4017","DOI":"10.1139\/v71-669","article-title":"The Condensation of Cyclohexanone with Furan and Pyrrole","volume":"49","author":"Brown","year":"1971","journal-title":"Can. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1039\/C39910000790","article-title":"The \u03c0 and \u03c3 Bonding Modes of Meso-Octaethylporphyrinogen to Transition Metals: The X-Ray Structure of a Meso-Octaethylporphyrinogen\u2013Zirconiuml(IV) Complex and of the Parent Meso-Octaethylporphyrinogen Ligand","volume":"27","author":"Jacoby","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1039\/CC9960001257","article-title":"The Porphyrinogen\u2013Porphyhrin Relationship: The Discovery of Artificial Porphyrins","volume":"32","author":"Floriani","year":"1996","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5140","DOI":"10.1021\/ja960307r","article-title":"Calix[4]pyrroles: Old Yet New Anion-Binding Agents","volume":"118","author":"Gale","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2401","DOI":"10.1351\/pac199870122401","article-title":"Functionalized Calix[4]pyrroles","volume":"70","author":"Sessler","year":"1998","journal-title":"Pure Appl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-8545(01)00346-0","article-title":"Calixpyrroles II","volume":"222","author":"Gale","year":"2001","journal-title":"Coord. Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10268","DOI":"10.1021\/ja002112w","article-title":"Fluorinated Calix[4]pyrrole and Dipyrrolylquinoxaline: Neutral Anion Receptors with Augmented Affinities and Enhanced Selectivities","volume":"122","author":"Anzenbacher","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1039\/b003229h","article-title":"Fluoride Recognition in \u2018Super-Extended Cavity\u2019 Calix[4]pyrroles","volume":"36","author":"Camiolo","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1021\/ol017137u","article-title":"Surprises in the Energetics of Host\u2212Guest Anion Binding to Calix[4]pyrrole","volume":"4","author":"Schmidtchen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Org. Lett."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6462","DOI":"10.1021\/jp0226174","article-title":"Selective Recognition of Halide Anions by Calix[4]pyrrole: A Detailed Thermodynamic Study","volume":"107","author":"Shehab","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7324","DOI":"10.1021\/jp031343x","article-title":"Recognition of Biologically and Environmentally Important Phosphate Anions by Calix[4]pyrrole: Thermodynamic Aspects","volume":"108","author":"Shehab","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2016.11.066","article-title":"Calix[4]pyrrole for the Removal of Arsenic (III) and Arsenic (V) from Water","volume":"326","author":"Hamdan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17440","DOI":"10.1021\/jp0530707","article-title":"Double-Cavity Calix[4]pyrrole Derivative with Enhanced Capacity for the Fluoride Anion","volume":"109","author":"Shehab","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12653","DOI":"10.1021\/jp060859o","article-title":"New Insights on Anion Recognition by Isomers of a Calix Pyrrole Derivative","volume":"110","author":"Shehab","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2142","DOI":"10.1021\/jp056492p","article-title":"Anion Complexation by Calix[3]Thieno[1]Pyrrole: The Medium Effect","volume":"110","author":"Abbas","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3098","DOI":"10.1021\/jp067798e","article-title":"A New Calix[4]pyrrole Derivative and Its Anion (Fluoride)\/Cation (Mercury and Silver) Recognition","volume":"111","author":"Abbas","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15766","DOI":"10.1021\/jp8045356","article-title":"Calix[4]pyrrole Derivative: Recognition of Fluoride and Mercury Ions and Extracting Properties of the Receptor-Based New Material","volume":"112","author":"Khalife","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/0039-9140(80)80026-9","article-title":"Austauscher Mit Cyclischen Polyethern Als Ankergruppen\u2014I Herstellung und Charakterisierung","volume":"27","author":"Blasius","year":"1980","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1186\/1752-153X-7-51","article-title":"A Critical Study on Efficiency of Different Materials for Fluoride Removal from Aqueous Media","volume":"7","author":"Tomar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chem. Cent. J."},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref_168.1","unstructured":"Alguacil, F.J., and L\u00f3pez, F.A. (2020). Adsorption Processing for the Removal of Toxic Hg"},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref_168.2","unstructured":"(II) from Liquid Effluents: Advances in the 2019 Year. Metals, 10."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1039\/B915332B","article-title":"Calix[4]pyrrole Chemistry: A Study of a New Ditopic Receptor Highlighting Some Fundamental Concepts in Assessing Thermodynamic Selectivity","volume":"12","author":"Khalife","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13016","DOI":"10.1039\/C5TA02215K","article-title":"A Ditopic Calix[4]pyrrole Amide Derivative: Highlighting the Importance of Fundamental Studies and the Use of NaPh4 B as Additive in the Design and Applications of Mercury(II) Ion Selective Electrodes","volume":"3","author":"Alharthi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3060","DOI":"10.1039\/C9RA09911E","article-title":"A Selective and Easily Recyclable Dimer Based on a Calix[4]pyrrole Derivative for the Removal of Mercury(II) from Water","volume":"10","author":"Alharthi","year":"2020","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2018.09.101","article-title":"Calix[4] Based Hg(II) Ion Selective Electrodes: A Thermodynamic Protocol to Address the Selectivity versus the Hosting Capacity Paradigm in the Selection of the Carrier","volume":"290","author":"Alharthi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8671","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arabjc.2020.09.059","article-title":"Thermodynamics, a Suitable Reporter in the Design of Mercury (II) Ion Selective Electrodes","volume":"13","author":"Alharthi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arab. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4824","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arabjc.2019.12.015","article-title":"An Asymmetric N-Rim Partially Substituted Calix[4]pyrrole: Its Affinity for Ag(I) and Its Destruction by Hg(II)","volume":"13","author":"Chaaban","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arab. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5803","DOI":"10.1021\/jp070760x","article-title":"Sulfur-Containing Hetero-Calix[4]pyrroles as Mercury(II) Cation-Selective Receptors: Thermodynamic Aspects","volume":"111","author":"Abbas","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1070\/RC2011v080n01ABEH004127","article-title":"Chemistry of Calix[4]Resorcinarenes","volume":"80","author":"Jain","year":"2011","journal-title":"Russ. Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, K., Yan, K., Liu, Q., Wang, Z., and Hu, X.-Y. (2024). The Versatile Applications of Calix[4]Resorcinarene-Based Cavitands. Molecules, 29.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29245854"},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2442","DOI":"10.1021\/jp053137q","article-title":"Resorcarene-Based Receptor: Versatile Behavior in Its Interaction with Heavy and Soft Metal Cations","volume":"110","author":"Chaaban","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2070","DOI":"10.1021\/jp077208s","article-title":"A Partially Substituted Calix[4]Resorcarene Receptor and Its Selective Recognition for Soft Metal Cations (Silver and Mercury)","volume":"112","author":"Chaaban","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Danil de Namor, A.F., Jumaa, A., and Al Hakawati, N. (2025). Calix[4]Resorcinarene Amide Derivative: Thermodynamics of Cation Complexation Processes and Its Remarkable Properties for the Removal of Calcium (II) from Water. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26168043"}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/31\/18\/3197\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T04:20:15Z","timestamp":1789186815000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/31\/18\/3197"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]]},"references-count":181,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules31183197"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules31183197","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]]}}}