{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,13]],"date-time":"2026-09-13T05:04:56Z","timestamp":1789275896747,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789084800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["12304099"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12304099"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["12474276"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12474276"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["12274361"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12274361"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["12304099"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12304099"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["12474276"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12474276"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["12274361"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12274361"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Lead-free tin-based perovskites, particularly CsSnI3, offer a promising route toward environmentally benign photovoltaics, yet their device performance still lags behind lead-based counterparts. In this work, we perform a systematic SCAPS-1D simulation study on a planar heterojunction CsSnI3 solar cell with a TiO2 electron transport layer and a P3HT hole transport layer. We focus on the interplay between absorber-layer properties, acceptor doping concentration, thickness, defect density, carrier mobility, and parasitic resistances. Our results reveal that an optimal acceptor density around 1019 cm\u22123 balances built-in potential enhancement against Shockley\u2013Read\u2013Hall recombination, yielding the highest efficiency. Thicker absorbers improve light harvesting but aggravate bulk recombination, while defect densities above 1016 cm\u22123 cause catastrophic performance collapse. High carrier mobility (&gt;1 cm2\/V\u00b7s) is essential for efficient collection, and series resistance must be kept below 2 \u03a9\u00b7cm2 to avoid fill factor degradation. Under optimized conditions, the device achieves a theoretical efficiency exceeding 27%, demonstrating the critical role of co-optimizing absorber parameters for high-performance, lead-free perovskite solar cells.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31183204","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T08:17:42Z","timestamp":1789114662000},"page":"3204","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Numerical Investigation of CsSnI3 Absorber Layer Parameters Toward Efficient Tin-Based Perovskite Solar Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Zhongjie","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, 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