{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T05:02:53Z","timestamp":1789621373507,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":166,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789084800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study reports the sonocatalytic degradation of malachite green (MG) in media using synthesized Co3O4 nanoparticles and a CTAB-modified zeolite supported Co3O4 hybrid nanocatalyst (M-ZLT@Co3O4). The catalysts were characterized by XRD, FT-IR, SEM-EDX, TEM, XRF, N2 adsorption\u2013desorption, BET, and BJH analyses, verifying crystalline Co3O4 formation, successful immobilization on the modified zeolite support, porous architecture, morphology and elemental distribution. Under optimized conditions of 1 g L\u22121 catalyst dosage, 20 mg L\u22121 MG concentration, natural pH, and 300 W L\u22121 ultrasonic power, M-ZLT@Co3O4 achieved 99.31% \u00b1 0.45% degradation within 120 min. Decreasing the MG concentration to 5 mg L\u22121 increased the efficiency to 99.96% \u00b1 0.64%, confirming high activity at low pollutant loading. The degradation followed pseudo-first-order kinetics, with kapp values of 0.0042\u20130.0595 min\u22121 depending on catalyst dosage, 0.0046\u20130.0667 min\u22121 for initial MG concentration, and 0.0117\u20130.0620 min\u22121 under pH conditions. Water matrix inhibition followed distilled water (99.31%) &gt; tap water (96.08%) &gt; river water (88.84%) &gt; lake water (86.90%), whereas higher ultrasonic power increased degradation from 91.98% at 200 W L\u22121 to 99.90% at 500 W L\u22121. Dye degradation followed MG (99.31%) &gt; CR (95.78%) &gt; BY2 (92.15%) &gt; MV (90.24%) &gt; AO7 (85.62%) &gt; RB19 (82.49%). Comparative tests demonstrated performance for US\/M-ZLT@Co3O4 (99.31%) compared with US\/Co3O4 nanoparticles (78.48%), US\/ZLT (72.86%), and US\/MG alone (35.71%). The best activity was obtained at 0.8\u20132 g L\u22121 catalyst dosage and 5\u201320 mg L\u22121 MG concentration, while reusability tests showed a decrease from 99.31% to 78.82% after six cycles, indicating promising stability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31183212","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T13:29:29Z","timestamp":1789133369000},"page":"3212","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Process Intensification Sonocatalytic Degradation of Malachite Green Wastewater over Hydrothermally Engineered M-ZLT@Co3O4 Nanocatalyst: Structure\u2013Activity Relationships, Radical-Mediated Mechanism and Degradation Pathways"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8520-6563","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Murat","family":"K\u0131ran\u015fan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Chemical Processing Technologies, G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fhane Vocational School, G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fhane University, 29100 G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fhane, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e40370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e40370","article-title":"Review on the impact of heavy metals from industrial wastewater effluent and removal technologies","volume":"10","author":"Oladimeji","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, Q., Chen, H., Liu, G., and Wang, X. 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