{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T10:05:43Z","timestamp":1789380343701,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789344000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Kahweol is an active diterpene with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer properties; however, its use may be limited by unfavorable pharmacokinetic characteristics. This study aimed to develop kahweol-loaded poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) and red blood cell membrane-coated PLGA (RBC-PLGA) nanoparticles and evaluate their in vitro release behavior and in vivo pharmacokinetic profiles. Kahweol-loaded PLGA nanoparticles were prepared using the emulsification-solvent evaporation method and subsequently coated with rabbit erythrocyte membranes, a type of blood cell membrane, to obtain RBC-PLGA nanoparticles. Particle size, zeta potential, morphology, and encapsulation efficiency were characterized. In vitro release studies were performed using the dialysis bag method. Pharmacokinetic profiles of free kahweol, kahweol-loaded PLGA, and kahweol-loaded RBC-PLGA nanoparticles were evaluated in rabbits following intravenous administration (0.5 mg\/kg), and plasma kahweol concentrations were analyzed by LC-MS\/MS. PLGA and RBC-PLGA nanoparticles showed high encapsulation efficiency (&gt;90%) and sustained biphasic release compared with the rapid burst release of free kahweol. Pharmacokinetic analysis demonstrated that PLGA and RBC-PLGA nanoparticles reduced peak plasma concentrations and prolonged systemic exposure. Among the nanoparticles, RBC-PLGA exhibited the most prolonged pharmacokinetic profile, with delayed time to maximum plasma concentration (Tmax), extended half-life, and increased overall exposure. The nanoparticles improved the pharmacokinetic profile of kahweol by enabling sustained release and prolonged systemic exposure, supporting their potential as delivery platforms for future applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31183239","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T09:34:01Z","timestamp":1789378441000},"page":"3239","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Engineering Red Blood Cell Membrane-Coated PLGA Nanoparticles for Kahweol Delivery: Formulation Development and Pharmacokinetic Assessment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4954-137X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Okan Ali","family":"Aksoy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Gulhane Institute of Health Sciences, University of Health Sciences, Ankara 06018, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1254-7612","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yagmur","family":"Okcay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Gulhane Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Health Sciences, Ankara 06018, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Alperen Enes","family":"Solmaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Gulhane Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Health Sciences, Ankara 06018, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"K\u00fcbra","family":"K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Gulhane Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Health Sciences, Ankara 06018, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Berk Alp","family":"G\u00f6ksel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gulhane Institute of Health Sciences, University of Health Sciences, Ankara 06018, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Burcu","family":"Eser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gulhane Institute of Health Sciences, University of Health Sciences, Ankara 06018, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6402-156X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00d6zg\u00fcr","family":"E\u015fim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gulhane Institute of Health Sciences, University of Health Sciences, Ankara 06018, T\u00fcrkiye"},{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Gulhane Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Health Sciences, Ankara 06018, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u0130smail Mert","family":"Vural","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Gulhane Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Health Sciences, Ankara 06018, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayhan","family":"Sava\u015fer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Gulhane Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Health Sciences, Ankara 06018, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yal\u00e7\u0131n","family":"\u00d6zkan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gulhane Institute of Health Sciences, University of Health Sciences, Ankara 06018, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ren, Y., Wang, C., Xu, J., and Wang, S. 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