{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T10:05:47Z","timestamp":1789380347830,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789344000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Plectranthus scutellarioides is an ornamental and medicinal species of the Lamiaceae family characterized by substantial phytochemical diversity and variability. This review critically synthesizes current evidence on its bioactive compounds, factors determining phytochemical composition, extraction efficiency, analytical characterization, and biological activity, with particular emphasis on relationships between plant material, extraction conditions, metabolite profiles, and experimentally determined bioactivity. Methods: A narrative review of the available scientific literature was conducted using studies addressing the phytochemical composition of P. scutellarioides, cultivar and cultivation-related variability, extraction procedures, analytical characterization, and biological activities of extracts and isolated metabolites. Particular attention was given to quantitative phytochemical and biological data and to methodological factors limiting direct comparison among studies. Results: P. scutellarioides contains phenolic acids, flavonoids, anthocyanins, abietane-type diterpenoids, and volatile constituents, with rosmarinic acid representing a major phytochemical marker. Substantial quantitative variability is associated with cultivar, geographical origin, cultivation conditions, plant material, and extraction procedure. Optimized ultrasound-assisted extraction yielded 110.8 \u00b1 4.5 mg g\u22121 DW of rosmarinic acid after 45 min, approximately twice the recovery obtained by conventional heat-reflux extraction over the same period. Quantitative profiling also demonstrated marked cultivation-dependent changes in volatile metabolites. Biological studies revealed assay- and compound-dependent antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxic\/antiproliferative activities. In particular, isolated diterpenoids inhibited NF-\u03baB activity with IC50 values of 4.5\u201311.2 \u00b5M, providing compound-specific quantitative evidence of anti-inflammatory potential. However, differences in extract composition, experimental models, and assay conditions, together with limited standardization and the predominance of in vitro studies, substantially restrict cross-study comparisons and assessment of translational relevance. Conclusions: The available evidence indicates that the biological potential of P. scutellarioides should be interpreted through an integrated extraction\u2013composition\u2013activity framework rather than from the simple presence of individual metabolites. Future studies should prioritize standardized and botanically characterized plant material, clearly defined harvesting conditions, quantitative phytochemical characterization, comparable biological endpoints, bioactivity-guided identification of active constituents, and in vivo validation. Establishing reproducible relationships between plant material, extraction conditions, chemical composition, and biological effects will be essential for assessing the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and functional potential of this species.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31183242","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T09:34:01Z","timestamp":1789378441000},"page":"3242","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Bioactive Compounds of Plectranthus scutellarioides: Extraction, Phytochemical Characterization and Biological Activities"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-6151-4628","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u0141ukasz","family":"Kogut","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioenergetics, Food Analysis and Microbiology, Institute of Food Technology and Nutrition, Faculty of Technology and Life Science, University of Rzesz\u00f3w, Aleja Rejtana 16C, 35-959 Rzesz\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Czes\u0142aw","family":"Puchalski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioenergetics, Food Analysis and Microbiology, Institute of Food Technology and Nutrition, Faculty of Technology and Life Science, University of Rzesz\u00f3w, Aleja Rejtana 16C, 35-959 Rzesz\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9921-0881","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia","family":"Jastrz\u0119bska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Centre in \u0141a\u0144cut LLC, Ignacego Paderewskiego 5, 37-100 \u0141a\u0144cut, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6792-6575","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grzegorz","family":"Zagu\u0142a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioenergetics, Food Analysis and Microbiology, Institute of Food Technology and Nutrition, Faculty of Technology and Life Science, University of Rzesz\u00f3w, Aleja Rejtana 16C, 35-959 Rzesz\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1080\/11263504.2020.1837279","article-title":"Constituents and antibacterial activity of leaf essential oil of Plectranthus scutellarioides","volume":"155","author":"Aziz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Plant Biosyst."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1007\/s41348-020-00343-9","article-title":"Pathogenicity of Phytophthora species to ornamental plant Plectranthus scutellarioides","volume":"127","author":"Christova","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Plant Dis. Prot."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.4172\/2168-9881.1000175","article-title":"Growth behavior of Coleus (Plectranthus scutellarioides L.) cuttings in relation to light emitting diodes (LED) intensities","volume":"7","author":"Hussain","year":"2018","journal-title":"Agrotechnology"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3623","DOI":"10.13057\/biodiv\/d260748","article-title":"Botanical, phytochemical, and bioactivity characterization of Coleus scutellarioides","volume":"26","author":"Kartini","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biodiversitas"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3897\/phytokeys.129.34988","article-title":"Nomenclatural changes in Coleus and Plectranthus (Lamiaceae): A tale of more than two genera","volume":"129","author":"Paton","year":"2019","journal-title":"PhytoKeys"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"072012","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/1341\/7\/072012","article-title":"Comparison of two varieties of Plectranthus scutellarioides based on extraction method, phytochemical compound, and cytotoxicity","volume":"1341","author":"Astuti","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Phys. Conf. Ser."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1864","DOI":"10.1039\/D0NP00081G","article-title":"Differences in diterpenoid diversity reveal new evidence for separating the genus Coleus from Plectranthus","volume":"38","author":"Grayer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Rep."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2023.01.026","article-title":"Phytochemical and pharmacological potential of the genus Plectranthus\u2014A review","volume":"154","author":"Ahamed","year":"2023","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2005.09.011","article-title":"Plectranthus: A review of ethnobotanical uses","volume":"103","author":"Lukhoba","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1516","DOI":"10.5530\/pj.2021.13.193","article-title":"Compound analysis and genetic study of selected Plectranthus scutellarioides varieties from Indonesia","volume":"13","author":"Astuti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmacogn. J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcme.2022.07.002","article-title":"The antibacterial effect of Plectranthus scutellarioides (L.) R.Br. leaves extract against bacteria associated with peri-implantitis","volume":"12","author":"Bismelah","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Tradit. Complement. Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tungmunnithum, D., Garros, L., Drouet, S., Renouard, S., Lain\u00e9, E., and Hano, C. (2019). Green ultrasound assisted extraction of trans rosmarinic acid from Plectranthus scutellarioides (L.) R.Br. leaves. Plants, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants8030050"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytochem.2018.06.012","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative diterpenoids from Plectranthus scutellarioides","volume":"154","author":"Cretton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kowalczyk, T., Sikora, J., Merecz-Sadowska, A., Kukula-Koch, W., Synowiec, E., Majda, A., Juda, D., \u015aliwi\u0144ski, T., and Sitarek, P. (2024). Biological properties of extracts obtained from in vitro culture of Plectranthus scutellarioides in a cell model. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25021043"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2018.08.023","article-title":"New diterpenoid glucoside and flavonoids from Plectranthus scutellarioides (L.) R. Br","volume":"120","author":"Humpa","year":"2019","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"185","article-title":"Antibacterial activity of five Indonesian medicinal plants and the isolation of compounds from Plectranthus scutellarioides","volume":"14","author":"Rakainsa","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Appl. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Filipe, M.S., Bangay, G., Brauning, F.Z., Ogungbemiro, F.O., Palma, B.B., D\u00edaz-Lanza, A.M., Hassan, A., Andr\u00e9, R., and Rijo, P. (2025). Plectranthus amboinicus: A systematic review of traditional uses, phytochemical properties, and therapeutic applications. Pharmaceuticals, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph18050707"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"e2","article-title":"Optimizing solvent composition for enhanced extraction of phenolic content and antioxidant activity from Coleus scutellarioides through I-optimal mixture design","volume":"49","author":"Lestari","year":"2025","journal-title":"Thai J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.26554\/sti.2024.9.3.745-755","article-title":"Plectranthus scutellarioides (L.) R.Br. leaf extract as sunscreen, skin lightening, and antiaging","volume":"9","author":"Widyastuti","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Technol. Indones."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.13005\/bpj\/2710","article-title":"Miana (Coleus scutellariodes) inhibits nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kB) activity and its antibacterial and anti-inflammatory benefits in infectious diseases: Review article","volume":"16","author":"Junita","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacol. J."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"1725","article-title":"Antioxidant of Coleus scutellarioides L. water extracts by DPPH method","volume":"10","author":"Mustarichie","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Bio. Innov."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"1","article-title":"Coleus species: Solenostemon scutellarioides","volume":"2015","author":"Suva","year":"2015","journal-title":"Inven. Rapid Planta Act."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.35311\/jmpi.v11i1.639","article-title":"Artikel review: Studi etnobotani dan aktivitas antioksidan tanaman Coleus","volume":"11","author":"Sjahrul","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Mandala Pharmacon Indones."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.3390\/70200271","article-title":"Chemistry of the genus Plectranthus","volume":"7","author":"Albar","year":"2002","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"101","article-title":"Effects of different levels of shade on the growth and quality characters of Coleus (Plectranthus scutellarioides) var. \u201cChocolate Covered Cherry\u201d","volume":"1","author":"Buddhika","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Agric. Sci. Crop Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012038","DOI":"10.1088\/1755-1315\/637\/1\/012038","article-title":"Genetic characterization of iler (Plectranthus scutellarioides (L.) R. Br.) based on RAPD molecular marker","volume":"637","author":"Subositi","year":"2021","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2018.02.013","article-title":"Three new abietane-type diterpenoids from the leaves of Indonesian Plectranthus scutellarioides","volume":"127","author":"Ito","year":"2018","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"49","article-title":"C. amboinicus vs. C. scutellarioides: Foliar growth between two genotypes in Af climate region","volume":"5","author":"Mansor","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Bus. Technol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"2196","article-title":"Morphochemical and anatomical study of Coleus scutellarioides (L.) Benth. (Lamiaceae) in Iraq","volume":"57","author":"Khalid","year":"2025","journal-title":"SABRAO J. Breed. Genet."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"355","article-title":"Phylogenetic study of Plectranthus, Coleus and allies (Lamiaceae): Taxonomy, distribution and medicinal use","volume":"188","author":"Paton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bot. J. Linn. Soc."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1007\/s11099-016-0191-0","article-title":"Effects of drought stress on fluorescence characteristics of photosystem II in leaves of Plectranthus scutellarioides","volume":"54","author":"Meng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Photosynthetica"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012013","DOI":"10.1088\/1755-1315\/466\/1\/012013","article-title":"Thin layer chromatography and total flavonoid contents of iler leaves (Plectranthus scutellarioides) under drought stress treatment","volume":"466","author":"Wijaya","year":"2020","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103830","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envexpbot.2019.103830","article-title":"Influence of leaf temperature and blue light on the accumulation of rosmarinic acid and other phenolic compounds in Plectranthus scutellarioides (L.)","volume":"167","author":"Zimmermann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jakobina, M., \u0141yczko, J., Szumny, A., and Galek, R. (2024). Plant in vitro cultures of Coleus scutellarioides (L.) Benth. \u201cElectric Lime\u201d and possibilities of modification in the biosynthesis of volatile compounds. Molecules, 29.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29102193"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1186\/s13765-019-0464-y","article-title":"Low-density lipoprotein-antioxidant flavonoids and a phenolic ester from Plectranthus hadiensis var. tomentosus","volume":"62","author":"Ji","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ant\u00e3o, A.R., Bangay, G., Dom\u00ednguez-Mart\u00edn, E.M., D\u00edaz-Lanza, A.M., and Rijo, P. (2021). Plectranthus ecklonii Benth: A comprehensive review into its phytochemistry and exerted biological activities. Front. Pharmacol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.768268"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1007\/s00044-026-03524-7","article-title":"Acylhydrobenzoquinones influence the susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus towards abietanes and the speciation within Plectranthus sensu lato","volume":"35","author":"Bitchagno","year":"2026","journal-title":"Med. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2018.09.010","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of cytotoxic, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the crude extracts of three Plectranthus species grown in Saudi Arabia","volume":"27","author":"Mothana","year":"2019","journal-title":"Saudi Pharm. J."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12496","DOI":"10.48048\/tis.2026.12496","article-title":"Anthocyanin identification in Miana leaf (Coleus scutellarioides L. Benth) extracts using different solvents and maceration times for application as a poultry feed additive","volume":"23","author":"Jannah","year":"2026","journal-title":"Trends Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"62","article-title":"Determination of content of phenolic compounds and flavonoids in leaves extracts of Plectranthus sp. (\u201cBoldos\u201d), potential antioxidant and antibacterial action","volume":"4","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acad. J. Med. Plants"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mothana, R.A., Khaled, J.M., Noman, O.M., Kumar, A., Alajmi, M.F., Al-Rehaily, A.J., and Kurkcuoglu, M. (2018). Phytochemical analysis and evaluation of the cytotoxic, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of essential oils from three Plectranthus species grown in Saudi Arabia. BMC Complement. Altern. Med., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-018-2302-x"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2025.122188","article-title":"Overexpression of the DXP reductoisomerase (DXR) gene increases the production of valuable biologically-active compounds in the transgenic hairy roots of Plectranthus venteri (van Jaarsv. & Hankey)","volume":"237","author":"Kowalczyk","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.30574\/gscbps.2019.6.3.0023","article-title":"Boiling increase antioxidant activity, total phenolic content and total flavonoid content in Plectranthus amboinicus leaves","volume":"6","author":"Shamsul","year":"2019","journal-title":"GSC Biol. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stasi\u0144ska-Jakubas, M., Hawrylak-Nowak, B., W\u00f3jciak, M., and Dresler, S. (2023). Comparative effects of two forms of chitosan on selected phytochemical properties of Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.). Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28010376"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Le Cabec, A., Campos, P.-E., Yzebe, O., Pel\u00e9, R., Colas, C., and Destandau, E. (2024). Enhancement of forskolin production using aeroponic cultivation of Coleus forskohlii and the impact on the plant phytochemistry. Molecules, 29.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29174215"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.5530\/pj.2012.32.9","article-title":"Polyphenolics content and biological activity of Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng growing in Egypt (Lamiaceae)","volume":"4","author":"Ashour","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pharmacogn. J."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodrigues, F.F.G., Boligon, A.A., Menezes, I.R.A., Galv\u00e3o-Rodrigues, F.F., Salazas, G.J.T., Nonato, C.F.A., Braga, N.T.T.M., Correia, F.M.A., Caldas, G.F.R., and Coutinho, H.D.M. (2021). HPLC\/DAD, antibacterial and antioxidant activities of Plectranthus species (Lamiaceae) combined with the chemometric calculations. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26247665"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arumugam, G., Swamy, M.K., and Sinniah, U.R. (2016). Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng: Botanical, phytochemical, pharmacological and nutritional significance. Molecules, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules21040369"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2013.11.004","article-title":"Inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase as anti-inflammatory mode of action of Plectranthus zeylanicus Benth and chemical characterization of ingredients by a mass spectrometric approach","volume":"151","author":"Napagoda","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.5530\/pj.2020.12.215","article-title":"In silico anticancer activity and in vitro antioxidant of flavonoids in Plectranthus amboinicus","volume":"12","author":"Manurung","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacogn. J."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100071","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcoa.2022.100071","article-title":"Identifying foliar volatile organic compounds of Plectranthus and Coleus (Lamiaceae) as predictive markers of genus using GC\u00d7GC-TOFMS and machine learning","volume":"2","author":"Pretorius","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. Open"},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Rijo, P.D.M. (2010). Phytochemical Study and Biological Activities of Diterpenes and Derivatives from Plectranthus Species. [Ph.D. Thesis, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia]."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18495","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.4c00800","article-title":"Diterpenes isolated from three different Plectranthus sensu lato species and their antiproliferative activities against gynecological and glioblastoma cancer cells","volume":"9","author":"Tayeb","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2155","DOI":"10.31788\/RJC.2022.1536963","article-title":"The virtual screening of secondary metabolites of miana leaves (Plectranthus scutellarioides (L.) R. Br.) against Plasmodium falciparum lactate dehydrogenase enzyme (PfLDH)","volume":"15","author":"Tjitraresmi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rasayan J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u015aliwi\u0144ski, T., Sitarek, P., Ska\u0142a, E., Isca, V.M.S., Synowiec, E., Kowalczyk, T., Bijak, M., and Rijo, P. (2020). Diterpenoids from Plectranthus spp. as potential chemotherapeutic agents via apoptosis. Pharmaceuticals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph13060123"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113663","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2020.113663","article-title":"Traditional usage and biological activity of Plectranthus madagascariensis and its varieties: A review","volume":"269","author":"Lambrechts","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e21117","DOI":"10.1590\/s2175-97902023e21117","article-title":"Biological screening of herbal extracts and essential oil from Plectranthus species: \u03b1-Amylase and 5-lipoxygenase inhibition and antioxidant and anti-Candida potentials","volume":"59","author":"Aazza","year":"2023","journal-title":"Braz. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ntungwe, E., Dom\u00ednguez-Mart\u00edn, E.M., Teod\u00f3sio, C., Teixid\u00f3-Trujillo, S., Armas Capote, N., Saraiva, L., D\u00edaz-Lanza, A.M., Duarte, N., and Rijo, P. (2021). Preliminary biological activity screening of Plectranthus spp. extracts for the search of anticancer lead molecules. Pharmaceuticals, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph14050402"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sitarek, P., Toma, M., Ntungwe, E., Kowalczyk, T., Ska\u0142a, E., Wieczfinska, J., \u015aliwi\u0144ski, T., and Rijo, P. (2020). Insight the biological activities of selected abietane diterpenes isolated from Plectranthus spp.. Biomolecules, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10020194"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sitarek, P., Kowalczyk, T., Synowiec, E., Merecz-Sadowska, A., Bangay, G., Princiotto, S., \u015aliwi\u0144ski, T., and Rijo, P. (2022). An evaluation of the novel biological properties of diterpenes isolated from Plectranthus ornatus Codd. in vitro and in silico. Cells, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11203243"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.201000048","article-title":"The genus Plectranthus in India and its chemistry","volume":"8","author":"Waldia","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chem. Biodivers."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1080\/14786410701654560","article-title":"Terpenoids and phenolics from Plectranthus strigosus, bioactivity screening","volume":"22","author":"Valdeira","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blacio, S., Avecillas, G., Maldonado, J., Gadvay, K., Porras, M., Le\u00f3n, W., and Calva, J. (2025). Comparative study of the chemical composition of the essential oil of Plectranthus amboinicus from different sectors of Southern Ecuador. Horticulturae, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/horticulturae11020173"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcab.2019.101412","article-title":"An investigation of chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oils extracted from Aeollanthus and Plectranthus species","volume":"22","author":"Famewo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biocatal. Agric. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8094","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.9b00512","article-title":"Cytotoxic activity of royleanone diterpenes from Plectranthus madagascariensis Benth","volume":"4","author":"Matias","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"345","article-title":"HPLC profile of phenolic constituents, essential oil analysis and antioxidant activity of six Plectranthus species growing in Saudi Arabia","volume":"9","author":"Shaheen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Chem. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matias, D., Nicolai, M., Fernandes, A.S., Saraiva, N., Almeida, J., Saraiva, L., Faustino, C., D\u00edaz-Lanza, A.M., Reis, C.P., and Rijo, P. (2019). Comparison study of different extracts of Plectranthus madagascariensis, P. neochilus and the rare P. porcatus (Lamiaceae): Chemical characterization, antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities. Biomolecules, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom9050179"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.165030.3","article-title":"Bioactive effects of Plectranthus amboinicus extract using microwave techniques and its value addition in cosmeceutical products","volume":"14","author":"Chinnahong","year":"2026","journal-title":"F1000Research"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1080\/14756366.2020.1862099","article-title":"Screening the dermatological potential of Plectranthus species components: Antioxidant and inhibitory capacities over elastase, collagenase and tyrosinase","volume":"36","author":"Andrade","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Enzym. Inhib. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"954","article-title":"Antioxidant activity and phytochemical screening of Plectranthus scutellarioides L. leaves ethanol and water extracts by DPPH method","volume":"9","author":"Wardojo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Res. J. Pharm. Biol. Chem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anres.2016.07.007","article-title":"Antioxidant and anticancer activities of Plectranthus stocksii Hook. f. leaf and stem extracts","volume":"51","author":"Muniyandi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Agric. Nat. Resour."},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"174","article-title":"in vitro antimicrobial activity of Plectranthus comosus and Allium sativum extracts against Salmonella typhi","volume":"10","author":"Katana","year":"2025","journal-title":"Afr. J. Tech. Vocat. Educ. Train."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kulbat-Warycha, K., Oracz, J., and Zyzelewicz, D. (2022). Bioactive properties of extracts from Plectranthus barbatus (Coleus forskohlii) roots received using various extraction methods. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27248986"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2018.04.006","article-title":"Bioactivities of decoctions from Plectranthus species related to their traditional use on the treatment of digestive problems and alcohol intoxication","volume":"220","author":"Brito","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.3923\/ijp.2018.856.865","article-title":"Phenolic acids and biological activities of Coleus forskohlii and Plectranthus barbatus as traditional medicinal plants","volume":"14","author":"Ganash","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2016.10.024","article-title":"HPLC-based metabolomics to identify cytotoxic compounds from Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng against human breast cancer MCF-7 cells","volume":"1039","author":"Yulianto","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. B"},{"key":"ref_77","unstructured":"Pinheiro, G.P. (2020). Study of the Chemical Profile of Volatiles and Secretory Structures of Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng.\u2014Lamiaceae. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Universidade Estadual de Campinas]."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102317","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/102317","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of Plectranthus neochilus against cariogenic bacteria","volume":"2015","author":"Crevelin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Evid.-Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bse.2010.01.014","article-title":"Distribution of exudate flavonoids in the genus Plectranthus","volume":"38","author":"Grayer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biochem. Syst. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.56499\/jppres_14.1.2440","article-title":"Phytochemical profiling, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of Coleus amboinicus Lour. leaves: In vitro, network pharmacology, and molecular docking analyses","volume":"14","author":"Gurning","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pharmacogn. Res."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1086\/297518","article-title":"Plectranthus madagascariensis: Morphology of the glandular trichomes, essential oil composition, and its biological activity","volume":"159","author":"Figueiredo","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int. J. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_82","unstructured":"Yuliana, N.D., Sugiharto, M.A., Lioe, H.N., Goto, M., and Ishikawa, Y.T. (2019). Metabolomics and bioactivity profiles of torbangun (Plectranthus amboinicus) grown in Japan and in Indonesia. Proceedings of the International Symposium on a New Era in Food Science and Technology, The United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Gifu University."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.4103\/1995-7645.295360","article-title":"Phytochemical profiling and biological activity of Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) mediated by various solvent extracts against Aedes aegypti larvae and toxicity evaluation","volume":"13","author":"Paramasivam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Trop. Med."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez-Ferreiro, A.O., Ochoa-Pacheco, A., M\u00e9ndez-Rodriguez, D., Ortiz-Beat\u00f3n, E., Font-Salmo, O., Guisado-Bourzac, F., Molina-Bertr\u00e1n, S., Monzote, L., Cos, P., and Foubert, K. (2022). LC-MS characterization and biological activities of Cuban cultivars of Plectranthus neochilus Schltr. Plants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants11010134"},{"key":"ref_85","unstructured":"Filipe, M.S., Isca, V.M.S., Andr\u00e9, R., Pires, T.C.S.P., Silva, A.R., Bangay, G., D\u00edaz-Lanza, A.M., Calhelha, R.C., Hussein, A.A., and Barros, L. (2026). Comparative biological potential of Coleus and Plectranthus species for dermatological and cosmeceutical applications. Plants, 15."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Oliveira Barbosa, M., Wilairatana, P., Leite, G.M.L., Delmondes, G.A., Silva, L.Y.S., Alves J\u00fanior, S.C., Dantas, L.B.R., Bezerra, D.S., de Beltr\u00e3o, I.C.S.L., and Dias, D.Q. (2023). Plectranthus species with anti-inflammatory and analgesic potential: A systematic review on ethnobotanical and pharmacological findings. Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28155653"},{"key":"ref_87","first-page":"724161","article-title":"Study of the interference between Plectranthus species essential oils from Brazil and aminoglycosides","volume":"2013","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2013","journal-title":"Evid.-Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eujim.2015.11.021","article-title":"Antibacterial activity of Plectranthus amboinicus Lour (Lamiaceae) essential oil against Streptococcus mutans","volume":"8","author":"Santos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Integr. Med."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.201300161","article-title":"Volatile-oils composition, and bioactivity of the essential oils of Plectranthus barbatus, P. neochilus, and P. ornatus grown in Portugal","volume":"11","author":"Mota","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem. Biodivers."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytol.2019.01.029","article-title":"Bioactive secondary metabolites from Plectranthus glandulosus Hook. (Lamiaceae)","volume":"30","author":"Tsopmejio","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phytochem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nick, A. (1995). Biological Screening of Traditional Medicinal Plants from Papua New Guinea and Subsequent Phytochemical Investigation of Dillenia papuana. [Ph.D. Thesis, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich].","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-8741(95)01315-6"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"cxli","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytol.2014.10.021","article-title":"Bioactive acetophenones from Plectranthus venteri","volume":"10","author":"Maree","year":"2014","journal-title":"Phytochem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2021.07.035","article-title":"Plectranthus neochilus Schltr.: Anatomic and cytogenetic analyses and chemical characterization of its essential oil","volume":"143","author":"Galbiatti","year":"2021","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1590\/s1519-99402018000100010","article-title":"Chemical composition, antioxidant and antifungal activities of essential oils and extracts from Plectranthus spp. against dermatophytes fungi","volume":"19","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Saude Prod. Anim."},{"key":"ref_95","first-page":"58","article-title":"in vitro anti-Vibrio activity of miana leaves (Coleus scutellarioides (L.) Benth)","volume":"8","author":"Basir","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Fish. Mar. Res."},{"key":"ref_96","first-page":"144","article-title":"A comparative study of Plectranthus scutellarioides and Phragmites vulgaris plant extracts for evaluation of antiurolithiatic activity","volume":"6","author":"Lumaday","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Nat."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sitarek, P., Synowiec, E., Kowalczyk, T., Bangay, G., \u015aliwi\u0144ski, T., Picot, L., Princiotto, S., and Rijo, P. (2022). Anticancer properties of Plectranthus ornatus-derived phytochemicals inducing apoptosis via mitochondrial pathway. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms231911653"}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/31\/18\/3242\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T09:37:48Z","timestamp":1789378668000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/31\/18\/3242"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]]},"references-count":97,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules31183242"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules31183242","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]]}}}