{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T08:09:17Z","timestamp":1789546157527,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789344000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The use of agro-waste materials as an alternative to synthetic dyes has gained considerable interest in the development of sustainable textile coloration. This study investigates the utilization of binary colorants from agro-waste sources such as harmal seeds and thuja leaves for silk, with statistical selection of variables. A central composite design (C.C.D.) coupled with microwave radiation was employed to select the significant dyeing conditions for excellent yield. It has been found that the pH 3 extract obtained from 6 g of binary powder after irradiation for 3 min, when applied at 75 \u00b0C for 40 min, produced an excellent yield of up to 6.15 (K\/S). Two-way ANOVA also revealed the significance of selected dyeing variables for silk coloration using a binary colorant. The use of optimum amounts of chemical and bio-mordants produced colorfast, stable shades with fastness ratings of 4\/5-5 for light, washing, and rubbing. The improvement in functional properties such as antioxidant and antibacterial properties of both the extracts and dyed fabric after MW treatment reveals that this bi-colorant has potential benefits for the community. It has been concluded that sustainable mordanting of silk has added more value in the coloration of silk with binary colorants by producing colorfast shades upon dyeing using statistically selected variables.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31183253","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T14:15:04Z","timestamp":1789395304000},"page":"3253","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Sustainable Dyeing and Mordanting of Silk with a Binary Colorant from Agro-Waste Material"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5516-7882","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shahid","family":"Adeel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Kamran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9047-9075","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Afzaal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Aftab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9055-2519","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khurram Shahzad","family":"Munawar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of Mianwali, Mianwali 42200, Punjab, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0410-2907","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Asfandyar","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Textile and Apparel Science, School of Textile and Design, University of Management and Technology, Lahore 54770, Pakistan"},{"name":"Department of Textile Engineering, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1216, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9684-4106","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fiaz","family":"Hussain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam-si 13120, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1038\/s43017-023-00489-8","article-title":"Environmental impacts and remediation of dye-containing wastewater","volume":"4","author":"Lin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Earth Environ."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Negi, A. (2024). Natural dyes and pigments: Sustainable Application and future scope. Sustain. Chem., 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/suschem6030023"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.12944\/CWE.19.1.12","article-title":"Development of a sustainable dyeing process for cotton fabric utilizing natural dyes from Punica granatum L. and Curcuma longa","volume":"19","author":"Ahire","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. World Environ."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1186\/s12934-024-02457-3","article-title":"Natural dyes developed by microbial-nanosilver to produce antimicrobial and anticancer textiles","volume":"23","author":"Darwesh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microb. Cell Fact."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dave, S., Das, J., Varshney, B., and Sharma, V.P. (2022). Dyes and pigments: Interventions and how safe and sustainable are colors of life!!!. Trends and Contemporary Technologies for Photocatalytic Degradation of Dyes, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-08991-6_1"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7002037","DOI":"10.1155\/joch\/7002037","article-title":"Natural Dyeing of Cotton and Silk Textiles with Syzygium samarangense Leaf Extract: An Eco-friendly and Mordant-Free Approach","volume":"1","author":"Kamal","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2021.130313","article-title":"Recent advances in the surface modification strategies to improve functional finishing of cotton with natural colourants-A review","volume":"335","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9163","DOI":"10.1007\/s10570-025-06747-w","article-title":"Carmine natural dyeing of chitosan-treated cotton: Statistical analysis to enhance energy saving and environmental impact","volume":"32","author":"Peila","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cellulose"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.56294\/dm2024360","article-title":"Literature review on artificial intelligence in dyeing and finishing processes","volume":"3","author":"Elkhaoudi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Data Metadata"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.1007\/s10311-024-01716-4","article-title":"Textile dyeing using natural mordants and dyes: A review","volume":"22","author":"Repon","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1111\/cote.70029","article-title":"From plant to fabric: Environmental opportunities associated with annatto dye for sustainable development in the textile industry","volume":"142","author":"Costa","year":"2026","journal-title":"Color. Technol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4349","DOI":"10.1007\/s12221-024-00724-z","article-title":"Comparison of infrared-, ultrasonic-, and microwave-assisted mordanting methods for the natural dyeing properties of hemp fabrics","volume":"25","author":"Srisuk","year":"2024","journal-title":"Fibers Polym."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1108\/PRT-11-2024-0113","article-title":"Eco-friendly dyeing of polyester fabric using natural dyes and biomordants","volume":"55","author":"Sabet","year":"2026","journal-title":"Pigment. Technol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25511","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-025-37102-y","article-title":"Chemistry of natural and synthetic dye materials with metal mordants in various fabrics for sustainable textile applications: A comprehensive review","volume":"32","author":"Islam","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Mehrizi, M.K., Hosseinnezhad, M., and Mansour, R. (2026). Wastes from Plants: A New Source of Natural Biomordants for Textiles. Zero Landfill: Ensuring a Greener Environment Through Sustainable Soil and Agricultural Management, Springer Nature."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2022.116235","article-title":"Utilization of Nigerian mango (Mangifera indica L.) leaves dye extract for silk fabric coloration: Influence of extraction technique, mordant and mordanting type on the fabric color attributes","volume":"193","author":"Jabar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1007\/s44371-026-00823-1","article-title":"Comparative study of microwave-assisted dyeing of textile fibers with Rubia tinctorum using biomordant and metallic mordants","volume":"3","author":"Ali","year":"2026","journal-title":"Discov. Chem."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9539","DOI":"10.1080\/03067319.2025.2504176","article-title":"Adsorption of reactive red 2 from aqueous solutions by microwave activated carbon from Thuja Plicata cone powder: Kinetic, isotherm, thermodynamic studies and characterisation","volume":"105","author":"Ertugay","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1108\/PRT-02-2024-0015","article-title":"A facile approach for fabrication functional finishing and coloring cotton fabrics with Haematoxylum campechianum L.","volume":"54","author":"Gamal","year":"2025","journal-title":"Bark. Pigment. Technol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125933","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.125933","article-title":"Molecular fingerprinting of dissolved organic matter during coagulation pretreatment of real textile printing and dyeing wastewater","volume":"387","author":"Feng","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clwas.2025.100254","article-title":"Conversion of pre-consumer cotton textile waste and jute sliver waste into adsorbent for removal of dyes from textile effluent and valorization of textile waste into bioenergy","volume":"11","author":"Hossain","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clean. Waste Syst."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137577","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2025.137577","article-title":"Analysis of the deep dyeing property and mechanism of reactive dyes in male silk fabrics","volume":"725","author":"Cheng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1934578X251412197","DOI":"10.1177\/1934578X251412197","article-title":"Ecofriendly Utilization of Binary Agrowaste Based Natural Colorant for textile Dyeing","volume":"21","author":"Yameen","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nat. Product. Commun."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.2298\/CICEQ250322003B","article-title":"Application of extracted colorant from a bi-mixture of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) and cutch (Acacia catechu) for cotton dyeing","volume":"32","author":"Bilal","year":"2026","journal-title":"Chem. Ind. Eng. Q."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"1","article-title":"Predictive Risk Modeling and Quantitative Analysis of Microbial Contamination in Hospital Textiles","volume":"7","author":"Hossain","year":"2026","journal-title":"Int. J. Sci. Interdiscip. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adeel, S., Zia, E., Ahmad, T., Habib, N., and Mia, R. (2026). Innovative process optimization and product development using response surface methodology in printing of mordanted cotton with sustainable natural bi-colorant. Results Eng., 111646.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rineng.2026.111646"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Merino-Ramirez, P.J., and Salvador-Reyes, R. (2026). Plant extracts as antibacterial and antifungal agents in medical textiles: A systematic review of key components, efficacy, and application techniques. Resources, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/resources15040052"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scp.2020.100286","article-title":"Cleaner functional dyeing of wool using Kigelia Africana natural dye and Terminalia chebula bio-mordant","volume":"17","author":"Singh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sustain. Chem. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1428","DOI":"10.1007\/s12221-018-7643-z","article-title":"Extraction, dyeing, and antibacterial properties of crataegus elbursensis fruit natural dye on wool yarn","volume":"19","author":"Safapour","year":"2018","journal-title":"Fibers Polym."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30609","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-025-37294-3","article-title":"Integrating natural dyes, organic acids, and metal mordants for multifunctional wool textiles: A green chemistry approach","volume":"32","author":"Safapour","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"499","article-title":"Extraction of Natural Dyes and Dyeing of Silk Fabrics Using Microwaves: The Effects of Microwave Pre-Treatment","volume":"76","author":"Tsukazaki","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Home Econ. Jpn."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"1","article-title":"Response surface optimized green approach for silk and cotton dyeing using Beta vulgaris peels extract as a dye and pomegranate rind as bio-mordant: Waste to craft","volume":"19","author":"Hussain","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Eng. Fibers Fabr."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1108\/PRT-09-2024-0091","article-title":"Optimization of the application of tea stem natural dye in silk fiber dyeing process","volume":"54","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pigment. Technol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clce.2025.100217","article-title":"Eco-friendly dyeing and functional finishing of silk fabric using a natural dye from Arjuna fruit enhanced by metallic salts","volume":"13","author":"Roy","year":"2026","journal-title":"Clean. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.22271\/phyto.2023.v12.i5a.14718","article-title":"Effect of selected mordants on the application of eco-friendly natural dye from Spinacia oleracea L. leaves","volume":"12","author":"Ghurde","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Pharmacogn. Phytochem."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1108\/PRT-02-2025-0018","article-title":"A sustainable approach for dyeing silk fabric using dye and mordant extractions from natural resources","volume":"55","author":"Younas","year":"2026","journal-title":"Pigment. Technol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4755","DOI":"10.1007\/s12221-024-00752-9","article-title":"Application of Tectona grandis Leaf Extract for Efficient and Stabilized Coloration of Mulberry Silk Fabric","volume":"25","author":"Borah","year":"2024","journal-title":"Fibers Polym."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nxmate.2026.102353","article-title":"Stable silk fibroin nanoparticles from sericulture waste for biomedical and drug delivery applications","volume":"12","author":"Garces","year":"2026","journal-title":"Next Mater."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shetty, R.M., Vootla, S.K., Thosar, N., Walia, T., Desai, V., Al Jaada, A., Berdouses, E., Baroudi, K., Eden, A.H., and Mishra, A. (2025). Biophysical properties and antimicrobial efficacy of a novel Silk Sericin Mineral Trioxide Aggregate. Front. Dent. Med., 6.","DOI":"10.3389\/fdmed.2025.1615724"},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"83","article-title":"Green Coloration of Polyester Fabric through Auxiliary-Free Dyeing with Syzygium samarangense Leaf Extract","volume":"20","author":"Haque","year":"2026","journal-title":"Prog. Color Color. Coat."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scowo.2025.100143","article-title":"Transforming waste into eco-friendly dye: A study of silk dyeing with Terminalia catappa using metal mordants and bio-mordants","volume":"8","author":"Khatun","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sustain. Chem. One World"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3047","DOI":"10.1007\/s12221-025-01006-y","article-title":"Ecological Dyeing of Cotton Fabrics with Cochineal: Influence of Bio-Mordants on Colorimetric and Aging Parameters","volume":"26","author":"Tehrani","year":"2025","journal-title":"Fibers Polym."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bilal, U., Adeel, S., and Khattak, S.P. (2026). Exploring Eco-Friendly Application of Jashir (Prangos ferulacea) and Pomegranate (Punica granatum) Based Binary Mixture as Natural Dye for Cotton Dyeing. Cellul. Chem. Technol., Online first.","DOI":"10.35812\/CelluloseChemTechnol.2026.60.58"}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/31\/18\/3253\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T08:00:08Z","timestamp":1789545608000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/31\/18\/3253"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules31183253"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules31183253","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]]}}}