{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T10:06:31Z","timestamp":1789639591700,"version":"4.0.0"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789603200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tuberculosis remains a major global health threat, severely exacerbated by the emergence of multidrug-resistant strains. The bioprospecting of natural matrices for novel, efficacious, and safe antimycobacterial agents represents an important strategy within the drug discovery pipeline. Essential oils (EOs) derived from the Lamiaceae family represent a rich reservoir of bioactive constituents, with well-documented antimicrobial properties and broad therapeutic potential. This review evaluates the current state of research regarding the antimycobacterial activity of Lamiaceae EOs, highlighting their efficacy against Mycobacterium tuberculosis resistant phenotypes, mechanism of action, structure-activity relationships, synergistic interactions with conventional antitubercular chemotherapies, and existing translational challenges. EOs from species belonging to genera such as Thymus, Mentha, Ocimum, Salvia, Satureja, Tetradenia, and Zataria showed significant antimycobacterial potency, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) below 100 \u03bcg\/mL. The phenolic monoterpenoids thymol and carvacrol, alongside the abietane-type diterpene 6,7-dehydroroyleanone, exhibited notable antimycobacterial activity with MIC values of 0.78\u201312.5 \u03bcg\/mL. Carvacrol and thymol disrupted the lipid-rich mycobacterial cell wall, increased bacterial membrane permeability, impaired energy metabolism, and induced oxidative stress. These compounds also exerted dual inhibitory effects on biofilm formation and development, interfered with Rv1258c and Rv0194 efflux pumps, and inhibited chorismate mutase activity. Similarly, 6,7-dehydroroyleanone compromised the integrity of the lipophilic mycobacterial cell envelope, suppressed cell wall biosynthesis, blocked ABC-family efflux transporters, and induced intracellular oxidative stress. Lamiaceae EOs exhibit multi-target antimycobacterial efficacy and hold considerable potential as adjuvants in combination antituberculosis regimens. To facilitate the translation of these natural matrices from bench to bedside, future research should focus on robust microbiological and chemical standardization, pharmacological and toxicological evaluation, and the development of advanced nanoformulations of EOs to optimize bioavailability and mitigate host cytotoxicity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31183295","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T09:59:03Z","timestamp":1789639143000},"page":"3295","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Essential Oils of Lamiaceae Species as Promising Sources of Antimycobacterial Agents: Current Insights, Challenges, and Future Perspectives"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Ana Clara","family":"Aprotosoaie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mihaela","family":"Lipovanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adina Catinca","family":"Gr\u0103dinaru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6078-2524","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anca","family":"Miron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2025.107173","article-title":"Conquering the tuberculosis Superbug: Innovative approaches for biofilm disruption and antibiotic resistance mitigation","volume":"111","author":"Jadhav","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(2026, May 29). WHO Global Tuberculosis Report 2025. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/teams\/global-programme-on-tuberculosis-and-lung-health\/tb-reports\/global-tuberculosis-report-2025\/tb-disease-burden\/1-3-drug-resistant-tb."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Walzl, G., Goletti, D., and Zumla, A. (2026). The global epidemiology of tuberculosis: Burden, trends, and determinants. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med., a041982.","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a041982"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4901","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S542287","article-title":"Genetic analysis of molecular mechanisms of drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis against four major first-line anti-tuberculosis drugs (Isoniazid, Rifampin, Ethambutol, and Pyrazinamide)","volume":"18","author":"Maleki","year":"2025","journal-title":"Infect. Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1757","DOI":"10.1007\/s12010-021-03557-1","article-title":"In silico approach for phytocompound-based drug designing to fight efflux pump-mediated multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"193","author":"Biswas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e157","DOI":"10.1002\/efd2.157","article-title":"Recent research progress in the plant contribution to the management of tuberculosis","volume":"5","author":"Sieniawska","year":"2024","journal-title":"eFood"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2024.116268","article-title":"Novel strategies based on natural products and synthetic derivatives to overcome resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"269","author":"Niculescu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2025.04.009","article-title":"Antimycobacterial compounds isolated from medicinal plants: A South African comprehensive review","volume":"181","author":"Mongalo","year":"2025","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1007\/s13659-025-00529-4","article-title":"Unlocking potent anti-tuberculosis natural products through structure-activity relationship analysis","volume":"15","author":"Abdjul","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Bioprospect."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"9","article-title":"The lamiaceae family: A review of its medicinal properties and indispensable role in modern therapeutics","volume":"13","author":"Bindu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Med. Plants Stud."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chrysargyris, A. (2024). It runs in the family: The importance of the Lamiaceae family species. Agronomy, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy14061274"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"350","article-title":"A mini review on the chemodiversity of Lamiaceae plants that are native to T\u00fcrkiye and Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus","volume":"19","year":"2025","journal-title":"Rec. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9910365","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/9910365","article-title":"Traditional medicinal plants as a source of antituberculosis drugs: A system review","volume":"2021","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jctube.2016.05.005","article-title":"Diagnosis of active tuberculosis disease: From microscopy to molecular techniques","volume":"4","author":"Caulfield","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Tuberc. Other Mycobact. Dis."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Whittaker, C. (2023). Barriers to Tuberculosis Drug Discovery: The Mycobacterial Cell Wall. [Ph.D. Thesis, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town]."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jacobo-Delgado, Y.M., Rodr\u00edguez-Carlos, A., Serrano, C.J., and Rivas-Santiago, B. (2023). Mycobacterium tuberculosis cell-wall and antimicrobial peptides: A mission impossible?. Front. Immunol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1194923"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1093\/femsre\/fux011","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Mechanistic and evolutionary perspectives","volume":"41","author":"Gygli","year":"2017","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2016.04.007","article-title":"Development of efflux pump inhibitors in antituberculosis therapy","volume":"47","author":"Song","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prmcm.2024.100521","article-title":"A review of molecular investigations on traditional Chinese medicinal plant-based therapies in multidrug-resistant tuberculosis","volume":"13","author":"Raj","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res. Mod. Chin. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, S., Cheng, J., and Tang, Y. (2026). Drug resistance mechanisms in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and challenges in vaccine development. Front. Pharmacol., 17.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2026.1762214"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M\u00e5len, H., De Souza, G.A., Pathak, S., S\u00f8fteland, T., and Wiker, H.G. (2011). Comparison of membrane proteins of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv and H37Ra strains. BMC Microbiol., 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-11-18"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20170697","DOI":"10.1590\/0103-8478cr20170697","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity of essential oils from Lippia alba, Lippia sidoides, Cymbopogon citrates, Plectranthus amboinicus, and Cinnamomum zeylanicum against Mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"48","author":"Mota","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ci\u00eanc. Rural"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.21475\/ajcs.20.14.02.p1876","article-title":"In vitro evaluation of anticaries, antimycobacterial, antileishmanial and cytotoxic activities of essential oils from Eremanthus erythropappus and of \u03b1-bisabolol, their major sesquiterpene","volume":"14","author":"Fernandes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aust. J. Crop Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2018.04.043","article-title":"Anti-Mycobacterium tuberculosis activity of essential oil and 6,7-dehydroroyleanone isolated from leaves of Tetradenia riparia (Hochst.) Codd (Lamiaceae)","volume":"47","author":"Baldin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"341","article-title":"Antimycobacterial susceptibility testing methods for natural products","volume":"44","year":"2013","journal-title":"Braz. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2019.07.016","article-title":"Mycobacterium tuberculosis Beijing genotype strains and unfavourable treatment outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"26","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16328","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-43708-4","article-title":"Menthol- and thymol-based ciprofloxacin derivatives against Mycobacterium tuberculosis: In vitro activity, lipophilicity, and computational studies","volume":"13","author":"Szulczyk","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"51","article-title":"Anti-tubercular activity of eleven aromatic and medicinal plants occurring in Colombia","volume":"29","author":"Stashenko","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biom\u00e9dica"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4775","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2024.2337114","article-title":"Chemical profile, antituberculosis, DSC, and molecular docking studies of Mentha longifolia essential oil","volume":"39","author":"Dar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2019.01.058","article-title":"In-vitro evaluation of the antibacterial activity of the essential oils of Micromeria barbata, Eucalyptus globulus and Juniperus excelsa against strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (including MDR), Mycobacterium kansasii and Mycobacterium gordonae","volume":"12","author":"Hamze","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Infect. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijtb.2021.02.009","article-title":"In-vitro anti-Mycobacterium tuberculosis effect of essential oil of Ocimum sanctum L. (Tulsi\/Basil) leaves","volume":"68","author":"Jayapal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Indian J. Tuberc."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.9734\/EJMP\/2017\/38375","article-title":"Premna odorata volatile oil as a new Mycobacterium tuberculosis growth inhibitor for the control of tuberculosis disease","volume":"4","author":"Elmaidomy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Plants"},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"1743","article-title":"Composition of three essential oils, and their mammalian cell toxicity and antimycobacterial activity against drug resistant-tuberculosis and nontuberculous mycobacteria strains","volume":"6","author":"Bueno","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Commun."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"89","article-title":"Characterization of essential oils of some Salvia species and their antimycobacterial activities","volume":"34","year":"2010","journal-title":"Turk. J. Biol."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"47","article-title":"In vitro antibacterial activity of Thymus vulgaris essential oil against Mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"4","author":"Soleimani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infect. Epidemiol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.2174\/1574891X13666180626170155","article-title":"In vitro anti-mycobacterial activity of three medicinal plants of Lamiaceae family","volume":"13","author":"Kazemian","year":"2018","journal-title":"Recent Pat. Anti-Infect. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1515\/znc-2006-5-604","article-title":"Analysis of essential oil composition of Thymbra spicata var. spicata: Antifungal, antibacterial and antimycobacterial activities","volume":"61","year":"2006","journal-title":"Z. Naturforsch. C J. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andrade-Ochoa, S., Nev\u00e1rez-Moorill\u00f3n, G.V., S\u00e1nchez-Torres, L.E., Villanueva-Garc\u00eda, M., S\u00e1nchez-Ram\u00edrez, B.E., Rodr\u00edguez-Valdez, L.M., and Rivera-Chavira, B.E. (2015). Quantitative structure-activity relationship of molecules constituent of different essential oils with antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium bovis. BMC Complement. Altern. Med., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-015-0858-2"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb-2017-0232","article-title":"Carvacrol activity & morphological changes in Mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"13","author":"Hegeto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Future Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.3109\/14756366.2013.823958","article-title":"Identification and structure-activity relationship study of carvacrol derivatives as Mycobacterium tuberculosis chorismate mutase inhibitors","volume":"29","author":"Alokam","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Enzym. Inhib. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"431","article-title":"Volatile constituents identified in hexane extract of Citrus sinensis peel and Anti-mycobacterial tuberculosis activity of some of its constituents","volume":"58","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mex. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.200900099","article-title":"Antimycobacterial metabolites from Plectranthus: Royleanone derivatives against Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains","volume":"7","author":"Rijo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chem. Biodivers."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"43. Vidya Raj, C.K., Venugopal, J., Muthaiah, M., Kumar Chada, V., Brammacharry, U., Swappna, M., Sangeetha, A.V., Dhandapani, S.P., Kareedhi, V.R., and Calivarathan, L. (2022). In-vitro anti-Mycobacterium tuberculosis effect of eugenol. Indian J. Tuberc., 69, 647\u2013654.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijtb.2021.09.016"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2017.12.052","article-title":"The frequently occurring components of essential oils beta elemene and R-limonene alter expression of dprE1 and clgR genes of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra","volume":"112","author":"Sawicki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sieniawska, E., Sawicki, R., Swatko-Ossor, M., Napiorkowska, A., Przekora, A., Ginalska, G., Swatko-Ossor, M., and Augustynowicz-Kopec, E. (2018). The effect of combining natural terpenes and antituberculous agents against reference and clinical Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains. Molecules, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23010176"},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"569","article-title":"Thymus vulgaris as a potencial source of antituberculous compounds","volume":"3","author":"Martinez","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Line"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paulos, B., Bisrat, D., Yeshak, M.Y., and Asres, K. (2025). Natural products with potent antimycobacterial activity (2000\u20132024): A review. Molecules, 30.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30183708"},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"e03218","article-title":"Phytochemical characterization and antitubercular potential of three Moroccan essential oils: A combined experimental and in silico investigation","volume":"31","author":"Benkhaira","year":"2026","journal-title":"Sci. Afr."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Henr\u00edquez, J.C., Duarte, L.V., Sierra, L.J., Fern\u00e1ndez-Alonso, J.L., Mart\u00ednez, J.R., and Stashenko, E.E. (2023). Chemical composition and in vitro antioxidant activity of Salvia aratocensis (Lamiaceae) essential iils and extracts. Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28104062"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1159\/000454680","article-title":"Natural terpenes influence the activity of antibiotics against isolated Mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"26","author":"Sieniawska","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med. Princ. Pract."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1159\/000439351","article-title":"Morphological changes in the overall Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra cell shape and cytoplasm homogeneity due to Mutellina purpurea L. essential oil and its main constituents","volume":"24","author":"Sieniawska","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med. Princ. Pract."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.01332-07","article-title":"The two chorismate mutases from both Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium smegmatis: Biochemical analysis and limited regulation of promoter activity by aromatic amino acids","volume":"190","author":"Schneider","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"394","article-title":"The activity of Levisticum officinale W.D.J. Koch essential oil against multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberclosis","volume":"10","author":"Miran","year":"2018","journal-title":"Iran. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"200","article-title":"Computational docking and virtual screening of Thymus vulgaris as potential inhibitors for multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) target proteins","volume":"31","author":"Siddique","year":"2025","journal-title":"Berk. Penelit. Hayati"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.15212\/bioi-2025-0034","article-title":"Combating multi-drug resistant Mycobacterium species by efflux pump inhibitors: Contemporary trends","volume":"6","author":"Kumar","year":"2025","journal-title":"BIO Integr."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijtb.2018.07.008","article-title":"Efflux pump as alternate mechanism for drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"66","author":"Kanji","year":"2019","journal-title":"Indian J. Tuberc."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3675","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00550-09","article-title":"Role of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis P55 efflux pump in intrinsic drug resistance, oxidative stress responses, and growth","volume":"53","author":"Thompson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70030","DOI":"10.1002\/cbf.70030","article-title":"Thymol as biofilm and efflux pump inhibitor: A dual-action approach to combat Mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"42","author":"Das","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Biochem. Funct."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, X., Hu, J., Wang, W., Yang, H., Tao, E., Ma, Y., and Sha, S. (2024). Mycobacterial biofilm: Mechanisms, clinical problems, and treatments. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25147771"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioflm.2023.100107","article-title":"Mycobacterium biofilms","volume":"5","author":"Akir","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biofilm"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e32003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e32003","article-title":"Mycobacterial biofilms: A therapeutic target against bacterial persistence and generation of antibiotic resistance","volume":"10","author":"Sarangi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12629","DOI":"10.48048\/tis.2026.12629","article-title":"Terpene-based phytochemicals as a novel strategy for biofilm disruption and enhanced wound healing","volume":"23","author":"Perera","year":"2026","journal-title":"Trends Sci."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"39","article-title":"Study of the antimycobacterial and anti-biofilm activity of the essential oils of Duguetia confinis [Engl & Diels (Chatrou)] and of Vetiveria zizanioides (L.)","volume":"8","author":"Avoulou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acta Sci. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31644","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-16485-5","article-title":"Thyme essential oil potentials as a bactericidal and biofilm-preventive agent against prevalent bacterial pathogens","volume":"15","author":"Fathy","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deryabin, D., Galadzhieva, A., Kosyan, D., and Duskaev, G. (2019). Plant-derived inhibitors of AHL-mediated quorum sensing in bacteria: Modes of action. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20225588"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibiod.2016.07.006","article-title":"Inhibition of quorum sensing-related biofilm of Pseudomonas fluorescens KM121 by Thymus vulgare essential oil and its major bioactive compounds","volume":"114","author":"Myszka","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar, L., Patel, S.K.S., Kharga, K., Kumar, R., Kumar, P., Pandohee, J., Kulshresha, S., Harjai, K., and Chhibber, S. (2022). Molecular mechanisms and applications of N-acyl homoserine lactone-mediated quorum sensing in bacteria. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27217584"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mallery, C.P., and Paczkowski, J.E. (2026). Expanding the LuxR-type receptor functional repertoire: Protein-protein interactions in quorum sensing regulation. PLoS Pathog., 22.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1014091"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101699","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmni.2026.101699","article-title":"Assessment of the efficacy of plant-derived essential oils against Mycobacterium tuberculosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"69","author":"Rami","year":"2026","journal-title":"New Microbes New Infect."},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"1","article-title":"Immunomodulatory effect of Premna odorata volatile oils in Mycobacterium tuberculosis by inhibiting TLR4\/NF-\u03baB pathway","volume":"8","author":"Mohammad","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Herbmed Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"28228","article-title":"Preventive efficacy of eugenol on isoniazid and rifampicin induced hepatoxic rats","volume":"8","author":"Sangamithira","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Curr. Res."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saha, P., Rahman, F.I., Hussain, F., Rahman, S.M.A., and Rahman, M.M. (2022). Antimicrobial diterpenes: Recent development from natural sources. Front. Pharmacol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.820312"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1080\/1040841X.2020.1782339","article-title":"Recent advances in tackling microbial multidrug resistance with essential oils: Combinatorial and nano-based strategies","volume":"46","author":"Trifan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.3109\/1040841X.2013.763219","article-title":"Synergy between essential oil components and antibiotics: A review","volume":"40","author":"Langeveld","year":"2014","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1111\/lam.13069","article-title":"Antibacterial activity of traditional spices against lower respiratory tract pathogens: Combinatorial effects of Trachyspermum ammi essential oil with conventional antibiotics","volume":"67","author":"Trifan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lett. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2023.07.016","article-title":"Deciphering the emerging role of phytocompounds: Implications in the management of drug-resistant tuberculosis and ATDs-induced hepatic damage","volume":"16","author":"Ansari","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Infect. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3781","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01533-06","article-title":"Concentration dependent Mycobacterium tuberculosis killing and prevention of resistance by rifampin","volume":"51","author":"Gumbo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb-2018-0333","article-title":"Eugenol and derivatives activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, nontuberculous mycobacteria and other bacteria","volume":"14","author":"Scodro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Future Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2015.10.004","article-title":"Tuberculosis and nature\u2019s pharmacy of putative anti-tuberculosis agents","volume":"153","author":"Chinsembu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113732","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113732","article-title":"Natural products against key Mycobacterium tuberculosis enzymatic targets: Emerging opportunities for drug discovery","volume":"224","author":"Cazzaniga","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/31\/18\/3295\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T09:59:51Z","timestamp":1789639191000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/31\/18\/3295"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]]},"references-count":80,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules31183295"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules31183295","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]]}}}