{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T05:05:03Z","timestamp":1790139903914,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789948800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Tharaka University\u2019s internal research fund","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0465bzv04","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0465bzv04","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"University of Fort Hare","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0184vwv17","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0184vwv17","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Malaria remains a major public health challenge, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, necessitating the development of environmentally sustainable alternatives to conventional insecticides. This study evaluated the larvicidal efficacy of essential oils extracted from Cymbopogon citratus, Tanacetum cinerariifolium and Salvia rosmarinus against Anopheles arabiensis larvae. The phytochemical composition of the essential oils was characterized using gas chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry (GC\u2013MS), while their potential molecular mechanisms of action were investigated through molecular docking against selected mosquito larval target proteins. All essential oils exhibited concentration-dependent larvicidal activity, with T. cinerariifolium (LC50 = 511.0 mg\/L; 95% CI: 473.3\u2013547.1 mg\/L) and C. citratus (LC50 = 602.7 mg\/L; 95% CI: 559.3\u2013648.5 mg\/L) demonstrating the greatest potency. GC\u2013MS analysis identified sesquiterpene hydrocarbons as the predominant constituents of T. cinerariifolium, whereas oxygenated monoterpenes dominated the oils of C. citratus and S. rosmarinus. Hierarchical molecular docking followed by MM-GBSA analysis against mosquito juvenile hormone-binding protein (JHBP) and sterol carrier protein-2 (SCP-2) revealed that 87.13% and 77.23% of the identified phytochemicals, respectively, exhibited favorable binding affinities toward these targets, indicating that a substantial proportion of the essential oil constituents have the potential to interact with proteins critical for mosquito development and survival. Farnesol emerged as the most promising multitarget phytochemical, displaying consistently favorable docking scores and binding free energies against both proteins, while 1,10-di-epi-cubenol and (5Z,9Z)-farnesyl acetone exhibited the strongest target-specific interactions with JHBP and SCP-2, respectively. In addition, the lead compounds satisfied Tice\u2019s insecticide-likeness criteria, supporting their suitability as insecticidal leads. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that the larvicidal activity of the investigated essential oils is likely mediated through the synergistic action of multiple phytochemicals acting on complementary molecular targets, highlighting T. cinerariifolium and C. citratus as promising sources of eco-friendly botanical larvicides for mosquito vector control.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31183346","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T14:12:09Z","timestamp":1789999929000},"page":"3346","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Larvicidal Activity, GC\u2013MS Profiling and Multitarget Molecular Docking of Essential Oils from Cymbopogon citratus, Tanacetum cinerariifolium and Salvia rosmarinus Against Anopheles arabiensis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5459-1497","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eric Kibagendi","family":"Osoro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Basic Sciences Department, Tharaka University, Marimanti P.O Box 193-60215, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Bernard Mwiti","family":"Kithetu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Basic Sciences Department, Tharaka University, Marimanti P.O Box 193-60215, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9252-0921","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alex","family":"Muthengi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Basic Sciences Department, Tharaka University, Marimanti P.O Box 193-60215, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5171-1940","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Njogu M.","family":"Kimani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Sciences, University of Embu, Embu P.O. Box 6-60100, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Bulelwa Audrey","family":"Ngcangatha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agriculture Eastern Cape Province, Dohne Agricultural Development Institute, Private Bag X15, Stutterheim 4930, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Fidelis","family":"Ngugi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Basic Sciences Department, Tharaka University, Marimanti P.O Box 193-60215, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0434-9635","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mojeed Adedoyin","family":"Agoro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Technology, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3184-9002","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicholas","family":"Rono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Basic Sciences Department, Tharaka University, Marimanti P.O Box 193-60215, Kenya"},{"name":"Institute of Technology, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"27","article-title":"A literature review on vector borne diseases","volume":"6","author":"Pindzo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Rev. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-017-0366-3","article-title":"Zooprophylaxis as a control strategy for malaria caused by the vector Anopheles arabiensis (Diptera: Culicidae): A systematic review","volume":"6","author":"Asale","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Poverty"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-021-04706-5","article-title":"Insecticide resistance status in Anopheles gambiae (sl) in coastal Kenya","volume":"14","author":"Munywoki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u015eeng\u00fcl Demirak, M.\u015e., and Canpolat, E. (2022). Plant-based bioinsecticides for mosquito control: Impact on insecticide resistance and disease transmission. Insects, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/insects13020162"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"722","article-title":"Botanical pesticides\u2014A major alternative to chemical pesticides: A review","volume":"5","author":"Chengala","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"57","article-title":"Larvicidal activity of Cymbopogon citratus","volume":"14","author":"Karunamoorthi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18249","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-54815-6","article-title":"Draft genome of Tanacetum cinerariifolium, the natural source of mosquito coil","volume":"9","author":"Yamashiro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1080\/0972060X.2020.1860138","article-title":"Chemical composition and larvicidal activity of Rosmarinus officinalis essential oil against west Nile vector mosquito Culex pipiens (L.)","volume":"23","author":"Zeghib","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Essent. Oil Bear. Plants"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-021-04833-z","article-title":"Insecticide resistance status of Anopheles arabiensis in irrigated and non-irrigated areas in western Kenya","volume":"14","author":"Orondo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Juma, P., Njau, N., Micheni, C.M., Khan, H.A., Mitalo, O.W., and Odongo, D. (2022). Trends in neem (Azadirachta indica)-based botanical pesticides. New and Future Development in Biopesticide Research: Biotechnological Exploration, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-16-3989-0_5"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pinzi, L., and Rastelli, G. (2019). Molecular docking: Shifting paradigms in drug discovery. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20184331"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15329","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M117.802009","article-title":"A mosquito hemolymph odorant-binding protein family member specifically binds juvenile hormone","volume":"292","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7240356","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/7240356","article-title":"Sterol carrier protein inhibition-based control of mosquito vectors: Current knowledge and future perspectives","volume":"2019","author":"Perera","year":"2019","journal-title":"Can. J. Infect. Dis. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-024-08338-3","article-title":"Lemongrass essential oil and its major component citronellol: Evaluation of larvicidal activity and acetylcholinesterase inhibition against Anopheles sinensis","volume":"123","author":"Tang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-025-05675-1","article-title":"Comparative larvicidal efficacy of essential oils from Cymbopogon citratus stalks and leaves against Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto","volume":"24","author":"Mutagwaba","year":"2025","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2014033","article-title":"Activity of Ocimum basilicum, Ocimum canum, and Cymbopogon citratus essential oils against Plasmodium falciparum and mature-stage larvae of Anopheles funestus s.s","volume":"21","author":"Baldovini","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasite"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2647","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-014-3917-6","article-title":"Essential oils with insecticidal activity against larvae of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae)","volume":"113","author":"Vera","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109046","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2025.109046","article-title":"Mosquitocidal, immunostimulatory, and molecular effects of Cymbopogon citratus (D.C.) essential oil on Aedes albopictus (Skuse, 1894)","volume":"278","author":"Vivekanandhan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjaf061","article-title":"Screening of larvicidal activities and potential mode of action of Citrus limon (Rutaceae) and Salvia rosmarinus (Lamiaceae) essential oils against Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus","volume":"62","author":"Ali","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khatib, S., Sobeh, M., Faraloni, C., and Bouissane, L. (2023). Tanacetum species: Bridging empirical knowledge, phytochemistry, nutritional value, health benefits and clinical evidence. Front Pharmacol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1169629"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102749","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2023.102749","article-title":"The insecticidal activity of essential oil constituents against pyrethroid-resistant Anopheles funestus (Diptera: Culicidae)","volume":"95","author":"Koekemoer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Parasitol. Int."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-11-320","article-title":"Screening of selected ethnomedicinal plants from South Africa for larvicidal activity against the mosquito Anopheles arabiensis","volume":"11","author":"Maharaj","year":"2012","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1007\/s10722-026-02749-0","article-title":"Integrated molecular and phytochemical characterization of lemongrass (Cymbopogon spp.) germplasm from Vietnam and Laos: HTH Truong et al","volume":"73","author":"Truong","year":"2026","journal-title":"Genet. Resour. Crop Evol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5164","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb45060328","article-title":"Cymbopogon citratus essential oil: Extraction, GC\u2013MS, phytochemical analysis, antioxidant activity, and in silico molecular docking for protein targets related to CNS","volume":"45","author":"Luna","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Issues Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Adams, R.P. (2007). Identification of Essential Oil Components by Gas Chromatography\/Mass Spectrometry, Allured Publishing Corporation."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"043101","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3653552","article-title":"Retention indices for frequently reported compounds of plant essential oils","volume":"40","author":"Babushok","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"126","article-title":"Isolation, identification and bioassay of repellent factors in the essential oil of pyrethrum for grain protection against Sitophilus zeamais (Molts.)","volume":"19","author":"Saggar","year":"1997","journal-title":"Pyrethrum Post"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"1","article-title":"Chemical composition of the essential oil from the aerial parts of Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium growing in Nepal","volume":"2","author":"Shrestha","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Essent. Oils Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Satyal, P., Jones, T.H., Lopez, E.M., McFeeters, R.L., Ali, N.A.A., Mansi, I., Al-Kaf, A.G., and Setzer, W.N. (2017). Chemotypic characterization and biological activity of Rosmarinus officinalis. Foods, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods6030020"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jord\u00e1n, M., Lax, V., Mart\u00ednez, C., Aouissat, M., and Sotomayor, J. (2011, January 31). Chemical intraspecific variability and chemotype determination of Rosmarinus officinalis L. in the region of Murcia. Proceedings of the XXVIII International Horticultural Congress on Science and Horticulture for People (IHC2010): A New Look at Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Seminar, Lisbon, Portugal.","DOI":"10.17660\/ActaHortic.2011.925.14"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2016.02.029","article-title":"Volatile diversity in wild populations of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) from the Tyrrhenian Sea vicinity cultivated under homogeneous environmental conditions","volume":"84","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Osoro, E.K., Abdulwahab, A.A., Nkemehule, F.E., Owolade, A.J.-J., Oladosu, M.A., Ndarawit, W.K., Oluwatobiloba, D.O., Abah, M.A., Ngugi, F., and Kimani, N.M. (2026). Integrated in silico and in vivo larvicidal evaluation of compounds targeting juvenile hormone for malaria vector control. PLoS ONE, 21.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0352147"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1007\/s42250-022-00565-4","article-title":"Identification of phyto-compounds from Ilex Kudingcha as inhibitors of sterol-14\u03b1-demethylase protease: A computational approach against Chagas disease","volume":"6","author":"Omoboyowa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem. Afr."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2008.01.026","article-title":"Insect juvenile hormone binding protein shows ancestral fold present in human lipid-binding proteins","volume":"377","author":"Kolodziejczyk","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13384","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules200713384","article-title":"Molecular docking and structure-based drug design strategies","volume":"20","author":"Ferreira","year":"2015","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1517\/17460441.2015.1032936","article-title":"The MM\/PBSA and MM\/GBSA methods to estimate ligand-binding affinities","volume":"10","author":"Genheden","year":"2015","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M700460-JLR200","article-title":"Three-dimensional structure\/function analysis of SCP-2-like2 reveals differences among SCP-2 family members","volume":"49","author":"Dyer","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2007.09.106","article-title":"Biological effects of essential oils\u2013a review","volume":"46","author":"Bakkali","year":"2008","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3989","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules17043989","article-title":"Essential oils in combination and their antimicrobial properties","volume":"17","author":"Juliani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ento-011019-025010","article-title":"Botanical insecticides in the twenty-first century\u2014Fulfilling their promise?","volume":"65","author":"Isman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S4","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-10-S1-S4","article-title":"Whole plant extracts versus single compounds for the treatment of malaria: Synergy and positive interactions","volume":"10","author":"Rasoanaivo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1002\/1526-4998(200101)57:1<3::AID-PS269>3.0.CO;2-6","article-title":"Selecting the right compounds for screening: Does Lipinski\u2019s Rule of 5 for pharmaceuticals apply to agrochemicals?","volume":"57","author":"Tice","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pest Manag. Sci. Former. Pestic. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"WHO (2006). Guidelines for Testing Mosquito Adulticides for Indoor Residual Spraying and Treatment of Mosquito Nets, WHO."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-6-63","article-title":"Larvicidal effects of a neem (Azadirachta indica) oil formulation on the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae","volume":"6","author":"Okumu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-8-124","article-title":"Larvicidal activity of neem oil (Azadirachta indica) formulation against mosquitoes","volume":"8","author":"Dua","year":"2009","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W422","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkae236","article-title":"ADMETlab 3.0: An updated comprehensive online ADMET prediction platform enhanced with broader coverage, improved performance, API functionality and decision support","volume":"52","author":"Fu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/s13321-014-0042-6","article-title":"Quantitative estimation of pesticide-likeness for agrochemical discovery","volume":"6","author":"Avram","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Cheminform."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/31\/18\/3346\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T04:24:02Z","timestamp":1790137442000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/31\/18\/3346"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules31183346"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules31183346","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]]}}}