{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T05:05:19Z","timestamp":1790139919223,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789948800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Medical University of Lublin","award":["DS 51"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DS 51"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/016f61126","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Medical University of Lublin","award":["DS 52"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DS 52"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/016f61126","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["DS 51"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DS 51"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/016f61126","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["DS 52"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DS 52"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/016f61126","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ruscus aculeatus L. (butcher\u2019s broom) is traditionally used in the management of chronic venous disorders; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying its vascular activity remain insufficiently characterized. This study investigated the effects of an 80% ethanolic rhizome extract on human cerebral microvascular endothelial hCMEC\/D3 cells under normoxic and hypoxic conditions. The extract was phytochemically characterized using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography\u2013diode array detection\u2013high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC\u2013DAD\u2013HRMS), while its biological effects were evaluated by assessing cell viability and the secretion of selected cytokines, including transforming growth factor beta (TGF-\u03b2) isoforms, using Bio-Plex multiplex assays. Phytochemical analysis confirmed steroidal saponins as the predominant constituents and also revealed minor phenolic compounds, including hydroxycinnamic acid amides. The extract (10 and 50 \u03bcg\/mL) was well tolerated by hCMEC\/D3 cells and did not significantly reduce cell viability under either normoxic or hypoxic conditions. Its effects on cytokine secretion depended on oxygen availability and the mediator examined. Under hypoxia, the extract partially shifted interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) secretion toward normoxic levels and attenuated interferon alpha (IFN-\u03b1)-induced tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-\u03b1) production, whereas a significant increase in granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) relative to the untreated control was observed only with the combination of 50 \u03bcg\/mL extract and IFN-\u03b1. Hypoxia also differentially affected TGF-\u03b2 isoforms, increasing TGF-\u03b21 and decreasing TGF-\u03b22, while treatment with the extract shifted both responses toward the profile observed under normoxia; TGF-\u03b23 remained largely unchanged. Overall, these findings indicate that R. aculeatus rhizome extract does not exert a uniform anti-inflammatory effect but rather modulates endothelial secretory responses in an oxygen- and mediator-dependent manner. These observations provide new insights into the endothelial effects of R. aculeatus that may contribute to its vascular activity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31183348","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T14:12:09Z","timestamp":1789999929000},"page":"3348","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of Ruscus aculeatus Rhizome Extract on Human Cerebral Microvascular Endothelial Cells Under Normoxic and Hypoxic Conditions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0466-1343","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"W\u00f3jciak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chod\u017aki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magdalena","family":"\u017buk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chod\u017aki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7406-1728","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcin","family":"Feldo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair and Department of Vascular Surgery and Angiology, Medical University of Lublin, 8 Solidarno\u015bci St., 20-841 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8216-4495","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zenon","family":"Czuba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Jordana 19, 41-808 Zabrze, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2006-6715","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Kurek-G\u00f3recka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Jordana 19, 41-808 Zabrze, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9346-6325","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ireneusz","family":"Sowa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chod\u017aki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Edwards, S.E., Rocha, I.D.C., Williamson, E.M., and Heinrich, M. 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