{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:12:04Z","timestamp":1792789924624,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790035200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Department of Science, Technology and Innovation","award":["DSTI \/CON 3962\/2026 Addendum 1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DSTI \/CON 3962\/2026 Addendum 1"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/048kh7197","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["DSTI \/CON 3962\/2026 Addendum 1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DSTI \/CON 3962\/2026 Addendum 1"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/048kh7197","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"University of Limpopo","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/017p87168","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/017p87168","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tribulus terrestris (TT) is a medicinal plant traditionally utilized in the management of various health conditions, including inflammation, edema, and hypertension. The present study aimed to investigate the phenolic profile of the ethanolic extract of TT and to evaluate its antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticholinesterase, and \u03b1-glucosidase inhibitory properties. Phenolic analysis revealed several quantified compounds, including vanillic acid, resveratrol, fumaric acid, acetohydroxamic acid, quercetin, hydroxybenzoic acid, salicylic acid, butein, caffeic acid, and catechin hydrate, while phloridzin dihydrate was detected below the quantification limit. Among the detected compounds, vanillic acid was found to be the predominant phenolic component. Biological activity assays demonstrated that the extract possessed remarkable cholinesterase inhibitory potential, exhibiting IC50 values of 9.11 \u00b1 2.12 \u03bcg mL\u22121 and 8.77 \u00b1 0.62 \u03bcg mL\u22121 against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), respectively. Furthermore, antioxidant capacity was confirmed through FRAP and CUPRAC assays, with corresponding values of 0.136 and 0.296. The antimicrobial efficacy of the extract was evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella Typhimurium, revealing inhibitory effects against all tested bacterial strains. Overall, the findings indicate that the TT represents a promising natural source of phenolic compounds with significant antioxidant, antibacterial, and enzyme inhibitory activities, supporting its potential application in the development of pharmaceutical and therapeutic products.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31193370","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T17:14:59Z","timestamp":1790097299000},"page":"3370","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Assessment of Antioxidant Capacity, Phytochemical Phenolic Composition, Cholinesterase and \u03b1-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activities, and Antimicrobial Potential of Tribulus terrestris"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Ashwell R.","family":"Ndhlala","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Green Biotechnologies Research Centre, School of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Limpopo, Private Bag X1106, Polokwane 0727, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3086-8156","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emrah","family":"Dikici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dogubayazit Ahmed-i Hani Vocational School, Agri Ibrahim Cecen University, Agri 04100, T\u00fcrkiye"},{"name":"Central Researching Laboratory, Agri Ibrahim Cecen University, Agri 04100, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0820-912X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sevgi","family":"Alt\u0131n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Art, Erzincan Binali Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m University, Erzincan 24100, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8292-9259","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arzu","family":"Kavaz Y\u00fcksel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Technology, Technical Sciences Vocational School, Atat\u00fcrk University, Erzurum 25030, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4677-8104","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mesut","family":"I\u015f\u0131k","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Bilecik \u015eeyh Edebali University, Bilecik 11230, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ekrem","family":"K\u00f6ksal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Art, Erzincan Binali Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m University, Erzincan 24100, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"22","article-title":"Evaluation of antibacterial activity of Tribulus terrestris L. growing in Iran","volume":"2","author":"Kianbakht","year":"2003","journal-title":"Iran. 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