{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:11:36Z","timestamp":1792789896671,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790121600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Department of Science and Innovation","award":["DSTI\/CON 3962\/2026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DSTI\/CON 3962\/2026"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/048kh7197","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["DSTI\/CON 3962\/2026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DSTI\/CON 3962\/2026"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/048kh7197","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"University of Limpopo","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/017p87168","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/017p87168","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant, anticholinesterase, and \u03b1-glucosidase (AG) inhibitory activities of the ethanolic leaf extract, characterize its phenolic composition, and investigate the interactions of the major identified phytochemicals with the target enzymes through molecular docking analysis. The phenolic profile was determined by LC\u2013MS\/MS, antioxidant activity was assessed using DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assays, enzyme inhibitory activities against acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), and AG were evaluated in vitro, and molecular docking was performed to examine ligand\u2013enzyme interactions. Among the analyzed compounds, quercetin, myricetin, fumaric acid, vanillic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, and salicylic acid were identified as the predominant phenolics in the leaf extract. The extract exhibited DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities of approximately 19% and 11%, respectively. It also demonstrated potent enzyme inhibitory activity, with IC50 values of 5.76 \u00b1 0.21 \u00b5g\/mL for AChE, 3.82 \u00b1 0.17 \u00b5g\/mL for BChE, and 6.24 \u00b1 0.50 \u00b5g\/mL for AG. Molecular docking analysis revealed that myricetin and quercetin exhibited the most favorable binding affinities toward AChE, BChE, and AG. Myricetin showed docking scores of \u221211.188, \u22129.642, and \u22127.899 kcal\/mol against AChE, BChE, and AG, respectively, supported by hydrogen-bonding, \u03c0\u2013\u03c0 stacking, and hydrophobic interactions within the enzyme active sites. Re-docking validation yielded RMSD values below 2.0 \u00c5 for all targets, confirming the reliability of the docking protocol. These findings demonstrate that H. sabdariffa leaf extract is a rich source of bioactive phenolics with promising antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory properties, while molecular docking provides structural evidence supporting the observed biological activities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31193374","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T09:20:46Z","timestamp":1790155246000},"page":"3374","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Phytochemical Phenolic Profile, Cholinesterase and \u03b1-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activities Rationalized by Molecular Docking, and Antioxidant Capacity of Hibiscus sabdariffa"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7290-3175","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashwell Rungano","family":"Ndhlala","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Green Biotechnologies Research Centre, School of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Limpopo, Private Bag X1106, Sovenga 0727, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3086-8156","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emrah","family":"Dikici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dogubayazit Ahmed-i Hani Vocational School, Agri Ibrahim Cecen University, Agri 04400, T\u00fcrkiye"},{"name":"Central Researching Laboratory, Agri Ibrahim Cecen University, Agri 04100, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0820-912X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sevgi","family":"Alt\u0131n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Art, Erzincan Binali Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m University, Erzincan 24100, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8292-9259","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arzu","family":"Kavaz Y\u00fcksel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Technology, Technical Sciences Vocational School, Atat\u00fcrk University, Erzurum 25030, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4677-8104","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mesut","family":"I\u015f\u0131k","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Bilecik \u015eeyh Edebali University, Bilecik 11230, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Ahmet Gokhan","family":"Aggul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Agr\u0131 Ibrahim Cecen University, Agri 04100, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Ekrem","family":"K\u00f6ksal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Art, Erzincan Binali Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m University, Erzincan 24100, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ross, I. (2003). Hibiscus sabdariffa\u00a0. Medicinal Plants of the World, Humana Press.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-59259-365-1"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"4250","article-title":"Effect of weeding frequencies on growth and yield of two roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) varieties under rain-fed conditions","volume":"4","author":"Ahmed","year":"2010","journal-title":"Aust. J. Basic Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"81","article-title":"Medicinal Uses of Roselle Plant (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.): A Mini Review","volume":"27","author":"Puro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Indian J. Hill Farming"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"16","article-title":"Phytochemical analysis and medicinal uses of Hibiscus sabdariffa","volume":"2","author":"Okereke","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Herb. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"125","article-title":"Nutritional and Health Importance of Hibiscus sabdariffa: A Review and Indication for Research Needs","volume":"6","author":"Singh","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Food Eng."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"77","article-title":"Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn.\u2014An overview","volume":"8","author":"Mahadevan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Radiance"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1021\/bk-2013-1127.ch014","article-title":"Hibiscus sabdariffa: Phytochemistry, Quality Control, and Health Properties","volume":"1127","author":"Villani","year":"2013","journal-title":"ACS Symp. Ser."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S113","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3841.2009.01076.x","article-title":"Chemistry and quality of Hibiscus (Hibiscus sabdariffa) for developing the natural-product industry in Senegal","volume":"74","author":"Juliani","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2017.07.073","article-title":"Hibiscus sabdariffa L. as a source of nutrients, bioactive compounds and colouring agents","volume":"100","author":"Jabeur","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.03.023","article-title":"A review on phytochemistry and therapeutic uses of Hibiscus sabdariffa L","volume":"102","author":"Riaz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ojulari, O.V., Lee, S.G., and Nam, J.-O. (2019). Beneficial effects of natural bioactive compounds from Hibiscus sabdariffa L. on obesity. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24010210"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1039\/c3fo60495k","article-title":"Hibiscus sabdariffa extract inhibits obesity and fat accumulation and improves liver steatosis in humans","volume":"5","author":"Chang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2006.10.011","article-title":"Chemopreventive properties of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. on human gastric carcinoma cells through apoptosis induction and JNK\/p38 MAPK signaling activation","volume":"165","author":"Lin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chem.-Biol. Interact."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2015.09.072","article-title":"Antioxidant activity of Citrus fruits","volume":"196","author":"Zou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2010.12.006","article-title":"Oxidative stress, insulin signaling, and diabetes","volume":"50","author":"Rains","year":"2011","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1490","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2011.03.040","article-title":"Quantification of the polyphenolic fraction and in vitro antioxidant and in vivo anti-hyperlipemic activities of Hibiscus sabdariffa aqueous extract","volume":"44","author":"Pasini","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2010.03.074","article-title":"Antioxidant activity in different parts of roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) extracts and potential exploitation of the seeds","volume":"122","author":"Hern","year":"2010","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21226","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules191221226","article-title":"Antioxidant activity of leaf extracts from different Hibiscus sabdariffa accessions and simultaneous determination five major antioxidant compounds by LC-Q-TOF-MS","volume":"19","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.endonu.2013.10.012","article-title":"Therapeutic potential of Hibiscus sabdariffa: A review of the scientific evidence","volume":"61","author":"Guardiola","year":"2014","journal-title":"Endocrinol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-021-00269-y","article-title":"Alzheimer disease","volume":"7","author":"Knopman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Prim."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1186\/s13020-025-01204-z","article-title":"Potential of phytochemicals in the treatment of Alzheimer disease by modulating lysosomal dysfunction: A systematic review","volume":"20","author":"Yuan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chin. Med."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.13914","article-title":"Association between diabetes mellitus and post-stroke cognitive impairment","volume":"14","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Investig."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4111","DOI":"10.1002\/cbf.4111","article-title":"Association between type 2 diabetes mellitus and Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Common molecular mechanism and therapeutic targets","volume":"42","author":"Chauhan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Biochem. Funct."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.8406","article-title":"Role of flavonoids in mitigating the pathological complexities and treatment hurdles in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"39","author":"Chib","year":"2025","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"146","article-title":"Determination of secondary metabolites of Cydonia oblonga (quince) by LC-MS\/MS together with evaluation of its antioxidant and cholinergic potentials","volume":"18","author":"Dikici","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Chem. Metrol."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"32","article-title":"LCMS analysis of rosella extracts (Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn)","volume":"5","author":"Yuditha","year":"2025","journal-title":"Moestopo Int. Rev. Soc. Humanit. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12","DOI":"10.52361\/fsbh.2025.5.e12","article-title":"In silico prediction of physiological activities of extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa (Hibiscus) calyces","volume":"5","author":"Choi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Suppl. Biomater. Health"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.5650\/jos.ess25175","article-title":"A comprehensive investigation of Equisetum ramosissimum: Phytochemical composition, antioxidant potential, and enzyme inhibition activity","volume":"74","author":"Dikici","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Oleo Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"1205","article-title":"Phytochemical profile, antioxidant, anticholinergic and antibacterial properties of flowers of Abelmoschus esculentus (okra)","volume":"25","author":"Dikici","year":"2022","journal-title":"KSU J. Agric. Nat."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202200143","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.202200143","article-title":"Anticholinergic, antioxidant, and antibacterial properties of Vitex agnus-castus L. seed extract: Assessment of its phenolic content by LC\/MS\/MS","volume":"19","author":"Kavaz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem. Biodivers."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100009","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aspetd.2025.100009","article-title":"Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn. protects against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury via regulation of oxidative stress markers and inflammation","volume":"1","author":"Hamadjida","year":"2025","journal-title":"ASPET Discov."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117871","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.117871","article-title":"Hibiscus sabdariffa calyx extract protects human keratinocyte cells from fluoranthene-induced ferroptosis via the repression of aryl hydrocarbon receptor","volume":"291","author":"Prasanth","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70263","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.70263","article-title":"Phenolic content, antioxidant capacity, and therapeutic potential of mango (Mangifera indica L.) leaves","volume":"13","author":"Dikici","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891748","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/891748","article-title":"Polyphenols: Multipotent therapeutic agents in neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"2013","author":"Bhullar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, S.-H., Shin, H.-L., Son, T.H., Kim, D., Kwon, H.-Y., Shin, H., Park, Y., and Choi, S.-W. (2025). Hibiscus syriacus bud \u2019Pyeonghwa\u2019 water extract inhibits adipocyte differentiation and mitigates high-fat-diet-induced obesity in vivo. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26209870"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Savic, S., Petrovic, S., and Knezevic-Jugovic, Z. (2026). Separation strategies for polyphenols from plant extracts: Advances, challenges, and applications. Separations, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/separations13020046"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ruiz-Aym\u00e1, G., Romero-Arguelles, R., R\u00edos-Del Toro, E.E., Juarez-Gaspar, A., Olalla-Kerstupp, A., Loredo-Tovias, M., Gonz\u00e1lez-Rojas, J.I., Villarreal-Trevi\u00f1o, L., Guzm\u00e1n-Velasco, A., and Gomez-Govea, M.A. (2026). Postbiotic metabolites present in the supernatants of Lysinibacillus xylanilyticus and Bacillus cereus promote the germination and growth of Hibiscus sabdariffa and Prosopis juliflora. Front. Microbiol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1741549"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-016-0674-0","article-title":"Insulin resistance and neurodegeneration: Progress towards the development of new therapeutics for Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"77","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X18666200106155127","article-title":"Neuroprotective polyphenols: A modulatory action on neurotransmitter pathways","volume":"18","author":"Rebas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nunes, A.R., Gon\u00e7alves, A.C., Falc\u00e3o, A., Alves, G., and Silva, L.R. (2021). Prunus avium L. (sweet cherry) by-products: A source of phenolic compounds with antioxidant and anti-hyperglycemic properties\u2014A review. Appl. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/app11188516"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1080\/87559129.2020.1717523","article-title":"Immunomodulatory; anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of polyphenols: A comparative review on the parental compounds and their metabolites","volume":"37","author":"Sobhani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Rev. Int."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.2174\/1871527320666210129122033","article-title":"Neurodegenerative diseases and flavonoids: Special reference to kaempferol","volume":"20","author":"Rahul","year":"2021","journal-title":"CNS Neurol. Disord. Drug Targets"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Khayri, J.M., Y\u00fcksel, A.K., Y\u00fcksel, M., I\u015f\u0131k, M., and Dikici, E. (2022). Phenolic profile and antioxidant, anticholinergic, and antibacterial properties of corn tassel. Plants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants11151899"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, W., and Shahrajabian, M.H. (2023). Therapeutic potential of phenolic compounds in medicinal plants\u2014Natural health products for human health. Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28041845"},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"25","article-title":"Assessment of antioxidant, acetylcholinesterase, paraoxonase inhibition activities and phenolic content of Alchemilla lithophila","volume":"37","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pak. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2025.02.017","article-title":"Comparative analysis of phytochemical content, antioxidant, anticholinesterase and molecular docking properties of Turkish Pelargonium (Pelargonium endlicherianum Fenzl.)","volume":"179","year":"2025","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1080\/19390211.2017.1406426","article-title":"Phenolic constituents and inhibitory effects of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. (sorrel) calyx on cholinergic, monoaminergic, and purinergic enzyme activities","volume":"15","author":"Oboh","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Diet. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"49","article-title":"Computer-aided identification of cholinergic and monoaminergic inhibitory flavonoids from Hibiscus sabdariffa L.","volume":"19","author":"Adewole","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Discov. Technol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42511","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.3c05217","article-title":"Comparative study on the chemical profile, antioxidant activity, and enzyme inhibition capacity of red and white Hibiscus sabdariffa variety calyces","volume":"8","author":"Yagi","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110303","article-title":"Hibiscus sabdariffa L.: A potent natural neuroprotective agent for the prevention of streptozotocin-induced Alzheimer\u2019s disease in mice","volume":"128","author":"Ashour","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12927","DOI":"10.1111\/jfbc.12927","article-title":"Antidiabetic activity-guided isolation of gallic and protocatechuic acids from Hibiscus sabdariffa calyxes","volume":"43","author":"Alegbe","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Food Biochem."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2018.01.020","article-title":"Comparative analysis of Hibiscus sabdariffa (roselle) hot and cold extracts in respect to their potential for \u03b1-glucosidase inhibition","volume":"250","author":"Rasheed","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plantsci.2019.110270","article-title":"Nanofertilizer use for sustainable agriculture: Advantages and limitations","volume":"289","author":"Zulfiqar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108980","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2020.108980","article-title":"The antidiabetic and antilipidemic effects of Hibiscus sabdariffa: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials","volume":"130","author":"Bule","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"20764","article-title":"In silico analysis of roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) for antidiabetic activity","volume":"10","author":"Bhadra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian J. Nat. Sci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202200039","DOI":"10.1002\/slct.202200039","article-title":"Phytochemical analysis and biological evaluation of Hypericum linarioides Bosse: In vitro and in silico studies","volume":"7","author":"Altay","year":"2022","journal-title":"ChemistrySelect"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2020.112347","article-title":"Simultaneous quantitative screening of 53 phytochemicals in 33 species of medicinal and aromatic plants: A detailed, robust, and comprehensive LC\u2013MS\/MS method validation","volume":"149","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1038\/1811199a0","article-title":"Antioxidant determinations by the use of a stable free radical","volume":"181","author":"Blois","year":"1958","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(98)00315-3","article-title":"Antioxidant activity applying an improved ABTS radical cation decolorization assay","volume":"26","author":"Re","year":"1999","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(61)90145-9","article-title":"A new and rapid colorimetric determination of acetylcholinesterase activity","volume":"7","author":"Ellman","year":"1961","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alt\u0131n, S., I\u015f\u0131k, M., Alp, C., Dikici, E., K\u00f6ksal, E., K\u0131rbo\u011fa, K.K., Rudrapal, M., Rakshit, G., Beydemir, \u015e., and Khan, J. (2025). Therapeutic potential of Laurus nobilis extract by experimental and computational approaches: Phenolic content and bioactivities for antioxidant, antidiabetic, and anticholinergic properties. Front. Chem., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2025.1541250"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1002\/bmc.2761","article-title":"Rapid screening and identification of \u03b1-glucosidase inhibitors from mulberry leaves using enzyme-immobilized magnetic beads coupled with HPLC\/MS and NMR","volume":"27","author":"Tao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomed. Chromatogr."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbio.2026.109368","article-title":"Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel sesamol analogs targeting acetylcholinesterase, \u03b1-glycosidase, and carbonic anhydrase enzymes","volume":"82","author":"Baban","year":"2026","journal-title":"Food Biosci."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202303054","DOI":"10.1002\/slct.202303054","article-title":"In vitro and in silico studies of 3-hydroxyflavone-based sulfonate esters: Potent acetylcholinesterase, carbonic anhydrase, and \u03b1-glycosidase inhibitors","volume":"8","author":"Guney","year":"2023","journal-title":"ChemistrySelect"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2015.06.006","article-title":"Phytochemistry, antioxidant capacity, total phenolic content, and anti-inflammatory activity of Hibiscus sabdariffa leaves","volume":"190","author":"Zhen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kourelatou, A., Chatzimitakos, T., Athanasiadis, V., Kotsou, K., Makrygiannis, I., Bozinou, E., and Lalas, S.I. (2024). Seeking Optimal Extraction Method for Augmenting Hibiscus sabdariffa Bioactive Compounds and Antioxidant Activity. Processes, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/pr12030581"}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/31\/19\/3374\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T04:18:35Z","timestamp":1790309915000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/31\/19\/3374"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules31193374"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules31193374","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]}}}