{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T09:00:03Z","timestamp":1790240403678,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790208000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ningbo Yongjiang Innovation Project","award":["2021A-098-G"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021A-098-G"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Addressing the environmental persistence and ecotoxicological risks of the antibiotic sulfadiazine (SDZ) in water bodies is a pressing concern. In this study, nitrogen-stabilized Fe\u2013Co nanoclusters supported on mushroom-residue-derived N-doped porous carbon (FeCo\/NPC-800) were fabricated via a dicyandiamide-assisted pyrolysis strategy and used to activate peroxymonosulfate (PMS) for SDZ degradation. Synchrotron radiation X-ray absorption fine structure measurements and quantitative fitting indicated the coexistence of metal\u2013heteroatom and metal\u2013metal coordination, consistent with ultrasmall, structurally disordered Fe\/Co-containing domains anchored to the N-doped carbon matrix. The FeCo\/NPC-800\/PMS system achieved an SDZ removal efficiency of 91.2% within 60 min, confirming that FeCo\/NPC-800 can effectively activate PMS under the tested conditions. Radical-quenching experiments and electron spin resonance analysis identified sulfate and hydroxyl radicals, with sulfate radicals appearing to make the larger contribution under the tested conditions. Degradation intermediates collected at 10 and 40 min were analyzed by liquid chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry, and three main transformation pathways were proposed: amino oxidation followed by sulfur dioxide extrusion, sulfur\u2013nitrogen bond cleavage, and pyrimidine-ring opening. These findings provide insights into biomass-derived, nitrogen-stabilized bimetallic carbon catalysts for PMS-based treatment of refractory antibiotic contaminants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31193392","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T08:06:37Z","timestamp":1790237197000},"page":"3392","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Nitrogen-Stabilized Fe\u2013Co Nanoclusters Supported on Mushroom-Residue-Derived Porous Carbon for Peroxymonosulfate Activation Toward Sulfadiazine Degradation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Tianlong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ningbo Key Laboratory of Agricultural Germplasm Resources Mining and Environmental Regulation, College of Science and Technology, Ningbo University, Cixi 315300, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Yuxin","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ningbo Key Laboratory of Agricultural Germplasm Resources Mining and Environmental Regulation, College of Science and Technology, Ningbo University, Cixi 315300, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Xiqi","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ningbo Key Laboratory of Agricultural Germplasm Resources Mining and Environmental Regulation, College of Science and Technology, Ningbo University, Cixi 315300, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Changqing","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ningbo Key Laboratory of Agricultural Germplasm Resources Mining and Environmental Regulation, College of Science and Technology, Ningbo University, Cixi 315300, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-1404-1147","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bei","family":"Chu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ningbo Key Laboratory of Agricultural Germplasm Resources Mining and Environmental Regulation, College of Science and Technology, Ningbo University, Cixi 315300, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wri.2025.100283","article-title":"Monitoring pharmaceuticals and personal care products to assess water quality changes and pollution sources in a drinking water reservoir catchment","volume":"33","author":"Wolny","year":"2025","journal-title":"Water Resour. 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