{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T04:59:58Z","timestamp":1790398798821,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":109,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790208000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"United States Department of Education","award":["III-HBGI-RES"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["III-HBGI-RES"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/021adze67","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["III-HBGI-RES"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["III-HBGI-RES"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/021adze67","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cannabidiol (CBD) is a highly lipophilic phytocannabinoid whose low aqueous solubility, variable oral absorption, extensive first-pass metabolism, and chemical instability motivate advanced delivery strategies. Carbon nanodots (CNDs) have tunable surface chemistry and photoluminescence and have been investigated as carriers for multiple therapeutic cargos. This review critically evaluates whether the literature supports a specific CBD\u2013CND delivery advantage. A structured narrative search of PubMed and targeted publisher websites was conducted. Evidence was classified as direct CBD\u2013CND evidence, indirect CND-platform evidence, or indirect CBD-nanoformulation evidence. No direct study was identified that characterized CBD loading on CNDs and then demonstrated release, pharmacokinetics, safety, or therapeutic efficacy. Existing support is therefore indirect: CNDs can carry other drugs, whereas lipid, polymeric, micellar, and transdermal systems can improve selected CBD formulation or preclinical endpoints. Consequently, improved solubility, targeting, lower toxicity, enhanced bioavailability, and therapeutic synergy remain hypotheses for CBD\u2013CND systems. The review retains a broad discussion of possible applications while clearly separating demonstrated evidence from proposed uses and defining the analytical, comparative, pharmacokinetic, biodistribution, and toxicological studies needed to validate the platform.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31193404","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T10:16:28Z","timestamp":1790244988000},"page":"3404","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Reimagining Cannabidiol Delivery Through Carbon Nanodots"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9058-1616","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iddrisu","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Microbiology Program, College of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (C-STEM), Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL 36104, USA"},{"name":"The Industrial Hemp Program, College of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (C-STEM), Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL 36104, USA"},{"name":"African Drug Discovery and Innovation Network, Sunyani P.O. Box AB45, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelci","family":"Lawrence","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Microbiology Program, College of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (C-STEM), Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL 36104, USA"},{"name":"The Industrial Hemp Program, College of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (C-STEM), Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL 36104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-2001-985X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Othreniel Angel","family":"Forte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Microbiology Program, College of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (C-STEM), Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL 36104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Navitri Chandra","family":"Naidu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Microbiology Program, College of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (C-STEM), Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL 36104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Latrell","family":"Huitt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Microbiology Program, College of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (C-STEM), Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL 36104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathaniel","family":"Ajibola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Microbiology Program, College of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (C-STEM), Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL 36104, USA"},{"name":"The Industrial Hemp Program, College of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (C-STEM), Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL 36104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junhuan","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Microbiology Program, College of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (C-STEM), Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL 36104, USA"},{"name":"The Industrial Hemp Program, College of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (C-STEM), Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL 36104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robertson K.","family":"Boakai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Microbiology Program, College of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (C-STEM), Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL 36104, USA"},{"name":"African Drug Discovery and Innovation Network, Sunyani P.O. Box AB45, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moses","family":"Mengu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"African Drug Discovery and Innovation Network, Sunyani P.O. Box AB45, Ghana"},{"name":"Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), College of Science and Technology (CCST), Josip Broz Tito Avenue (GL-063-0751), Cantonments, Accra P.O. Box M 32, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3118-7619","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fortune","family":"Akabanda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Technology, University for Development Studies, Tamale P.O. Box TL1350, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2703-3393","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James","family":"Owusu-Kwarteng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"African Drug Discovery and Innovation Network, Sunyani P.O. Box AB45, Ghana"},{"name":"Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Agriculture and Technology, University of Energy and Natural Resources, Sunyani P.O. Box 214, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3556-803X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olufemi S.","family":"Ajayi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Microbiology Program, College of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (C-STEM), Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL 36104, USA"},{"name":"The Industrial Hemp Program, College of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (C-STEM), Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL 36104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4561-8245","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph Atia","family":"Ayariga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Microbiology Program, College of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (C-STEM), Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL 36104, USA"},{"name":"African Drug Discovery and Innovation Network, Sunyani P.O. Box AB45, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Assadpour, E., Rezaei, A., Das, S.S., Krishna Rao, B.V., Singh, S.K., Kharazmi, M.S., Jha, N.K., Jha, S.K., Prieto, M.A., and Jafari, S.M. (2023). Cannabidiol-Loaded Nanocarriers and Their Therapeutic Applications. Pharmaceuticals, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph16040487"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2207","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612826666200402102308","article-title":"Carbon Dots as Nanotherapeutics for Biomedical Application","volume":"26","author":"Cohen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12137","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.0c00724","article-title":"The Essential Medicinal Chemistry of Cannabidiol (CBD)","volume":"63","author":"Nelson","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Med. 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