{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:09:42Z","timestamp":1792789782096,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":117,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790467200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Universidad Se\u00f1or de Sip\u00e1n","award":["20479748102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20479748102"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05p4rzq96","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["20479748102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20479748102"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05p4rzq96","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Legumes and gluten-containing cereals are major sources of plant protein, but they also contain immunoreactive proteins that may resist processing and gastrointestinal digestion. This systematic review examined how emerging processing technologies affect these proteins, focusing on immunoreactivity, antigenicity, molecular structure, digestibility, techno-functional properties, and the analytical methods used to measure these responses. Searches were conducted in Scopus and the Web of Science Core Collection according to PRISMA 2020, resulting in 95 eligible studies. Soybean and wheat were the most studied matrices, representing 35% and 30% of the included studies, respectively. Most experiments were conducted in vitro and relied on enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, Western blotting, electrophoresis, or simulated gastrointestinal digestion. Direct biological evidence was scarce. Ultrasound and irradiation were the most frequently investigated technologies, followed by microwave processing, cold plasma, extrusion, high-pressure processing, electric fields, enzymatic hydrolysis, and pH shifting. These treatments induced protein unfolding, aggregation, fragmentation, oxidation, secondary-structure rearrangement, changes in sulfhydryl-group accessibility, and shifts in digestibility and techno-functional behavior. Decreased antibody recognition was reported more consistently in legumes, especially after combined treatments. Responses in gluten-containing cereals were less predictable and ranged from partial reduction to no change or increased recognition, depending on the matrix, treatment intensity, extraction procedure, and immunological assay. Emerging technologies can therefore modify protein structure and analytical immunoreactivity. Current evidence, however, does not establish that these changes reduce clinical allergenicity or gluten-related immunogenicity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31193438","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T11:35:59Z","timestamp":1790595359000},"page":"3438","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Emerging Processing Technologies for Modulating Allergenic Proteins in Legumes and Gluten-Containing Cereals: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5669-5735","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose Aaron","family":"Ortiz-Zapata","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela de Ingenier\u00eda Agroindustrial y Comercio Exterior, Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad Se\u00f1or de Sip\u00e1n, Chiclayo 14000, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7422-5742","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebeca","family":"Salvador-Reyes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad Tecnol\u00f3gica del Per\u00fa, Lima 150101, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8830-1710","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcio","family":"Schmiele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina 39100-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raniere Ribeiro","family":"Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina 39100-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ernesto Dante","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Lafitte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela de Ingenier\u00eda Agroindustrial y Comercio Exterior, Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad Se\u00f1or de Sip\u00e1n, Chiclayo 14000, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zecarlos Hugo","family":"Solano-Santisteban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela de Ingenier\u00eda Agroindustrial y Comercio Exterior, Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad Se\u00f1or de Sip\u00e1n, Chiclayo 14000, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruno Martins","family":"Dala-Paula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9194-1719","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis Miguel","family":"Anaya-Esparza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad de Guadalajara, Centro Universitario de los Altos, Departamento de Ciencias Pecuarias y Agr\u00edcolas, Tepatitl\u00e1n de Morelos 47620, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9731-4318","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edward Florencio","family":"Aurora-Vigo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela de Ingenier\u00eda Agroindustrial y Comercio Exterior, Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad Se\u00f1or de Sip\u00e1n, Chiclayo 14000, Peru"},{"name":"Programa de Doctorado en Ingenier\u00eda Agroindustrial Menci\u00f3n Transformaci\u00f3n Avanzada de Granos y Tub\u00e9rculos Andinos, Universidad Nacional del Santa, Chimbote 02712, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodqual.2024.105275","article-title":"Understanding the role of awareness and trust in consumer purchase decisions for healthy food and products","volume":"121","author":"Firoozzare","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Qual. 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