{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T11:54:52Z","timestamp":1790769292392,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This work presents a dual-modulation strategy using 1-adamantanethiol (ADT), a rigid cage-like molecule, to simultaneously enhance the efficiency and stability of inverted perovskite solar cells. In contrast to conventional flexible small molecule modulators, ADT features a highly rigid three-dimensional adamantane skeleton that enables the formation of a stable steric barrier layer on the perovskite surface. Meanwhile, its terminal \u2013SH group exhibits strong coordination affinity with undercoordinated Pb2+ ions, providing effective chemical passivation of surface defects. Beyond defect healing, the ADT treatment further modulates the interfacial energy-level alignment and optimizes charge carrier extraction and transport, as systematically verified by a suite of advanced optical characterizations, including transient absorption (TA) spectroscopy and terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS). Taken together, these techniques confirm accelerated carrier dynamics and suppressed recombination losses upon ADT passivation. All solution-processing steps were conducted in ambient air (20\u201325 \u00b0C, 40\u201360% RH), where the hydrophobic ADT layer protects the perovskite from moisture. As a result, the inverted perovskite solar cells fabricated entirely in ambient air incorporating ADT achieve a power conversion efficiency of 23.9%, alongside significantly enhanced operational stability, as evidenced by maintaining superior performance during 400 h of maximum power point (MPP) tracking under continuous illumination.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31193485","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T10:59:25Z","timestamp":1790765965000},"page":"3485","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Efficient and Ambient-Air Processed Perovskite Solar Cells Enabled by Adamantanethiol as a Dual-Action Modulator"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Fujie","family":"Cai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sichuan Rangtang Huadian New Energy Co., Ltd., Chengdu 610041, 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