{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T19:15:22Z","timestamp":1790882122294,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"ANID FONDECYT de Postdoctorado 2024","award":["3240725"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3240725"]}]},{"award":["3240725"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3240725"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05btm5233","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"ANID FONDECYT 2023","award":["3230782"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3230782"]}]},{"award":["3230782"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3230782"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05btm5233","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"ANID BASAL","award":["FB210015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FB210015"]}]},{"name":"ANID Vinculaci\u00f3n Internacional FOVI","award":["250309"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["250309"]}]},{"name":"ANID FONDEF","award":["ID20I10052"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ID20I10052"]}]},{"award":["ID20I10052"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ID20I10052"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05btm5233","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The general objective of this study was to evaluate Eucalyptus globulus bark extract as a candidate component of wood preservatives with a reduced load of synthetic biocides. Extraction conditions were screened using a 23 full factorial design with a center point, identifying 75 \u00b0C, 60% ethanol and 1 h as the highest-yielding conditions (5.94%) within the tested ranges. In four-week laboratory wood-block assays, the extract alone did not exceed 40% inhibition of wood-staining fungi, whereas hinokitiol reached complete inhibition at 0.4%. Combining the extract (5%) with hinokitiol (0.4%) achieved 95\u2013100% inhibition, similar to the synthetic reference; because hinokitiol alone reached complete inhibition at this concentration, the extract\u2019s contribution could not be isolated, and formulations in which the extract or hinokitiol was used instead of chlorothalonil and carbendazim alongside a copper-8-quinolinolate product retained 97\u2013100% inhibition at half, and 90\u201393% at a quarter, of the copper-product dose (87% and 93% reductions in synthetic active ingredients), although the copper product alone was also fully effective at 2% and the contribution of the natural components could not be isolated at that dose. On a per-mass basis, the extract (48 h LC50 27,500 ppm) was approximately 710-fold less acutely toxic than the copper-8-quinolinolate product used as synthetic reference (38.71 ppm) in Daphnia magna bioassays. On the basis of its composition and the literature, the extract may contribute multi-target antifungal mechanisms, including metal chelation, enzyme inhibition and membrane disruption, that could complement the more stable action of hinokitiol; these mechanisms were not measured here. This work supports eucalyptus bark extract, a residue that is abundant in Chile and in other eucalypt-pulp-producing countries, as a candidate component of reduced-synthetic (hybrid) wood-protection formulations; the aquatic toxicity of the final formulations was not tested, and leaching, penetration and field-durability testing are required before practical or environmental benefits can be claimed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31193503","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T18:43:24Z","timestamp":1790880204000},"page":"3503","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Eucalyptus globulus Bark Extract and Hinokitiol in Hybrid Anti-Sapstain Formulations with Reduced Chlorothalonil, Carbendazim and Copper-8-quinolinolate Loads"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5765-8300","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gast\u00f3n","family":"Bravo-Arrepol","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad San Sebasti\u00e1n, Campus Las Tres Pascualas, Lientur 1457, Concepci\u00f3n 4080871, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8224-0072","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Solange","family":"Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Qu\u00edmica de Productos Naturales, Departamento de Bot\u00e1nica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanogr\u00e1ficas, Universidad de Concepci\u00f3n, Barrio Universitario S\/N, Concepci\u00f3n 4070386, Chile"},{"name":"Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Agronom\u00eda, Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad de Las Am\u00e9ricas, Campus El Boldal, Av. Jorge Alessandri 1160, Concepci\u00f3n 4090940, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5437-461X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victor","family":"Ferrer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Desarrollo Tecnol\u00f3gico, Universidad de Concepci\u00f3n, Av. Cordillera 3624, Parque Industrial Coronel, Coronel 4191996, Chile"},{"name":"Centro Nacional de Excelencia para la Industria de la Madera (CENAMAD)\u2014ANID BASAL FB210015, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile, Av. Vicu\u00f1a Mackenna 4860, Santiago 7820436, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6205-9011","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danilo","family":"Escobar-Avello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Desarrollo Tecnol\u00f3gico, Universidad de Concepci\u00f3n, Av. Cordillera 3624, Parque Industrial Coronel, Coronel 4191996, Chile"},{"name":"Centro Nacional de Excelencia para la Industria de la Madera (CENAMAD)\u2014ANID BASAL FB210015, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile, Av. Vicu\u00f1a Mackenna 4860, Santiago 7820436, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-9891-3438","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mois\u00e9s","family":"V\u00e1squez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Manejo de Bosques y Medio Ambiente, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad de Concepci\u00f3n, Victoria 631, Concepci\u00f3n 4070386, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8943-5902","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vicente","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Nacional de Excelencia para la Industria de la Madera (CENAMAD)\u2014ANID BASAL FB210015, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile, Av. Vicu\u00f1a Mackenna 4860, Santiago 7820436, Chile"},{"name":"Departamento de Manejo de Bosques y Medio Ambiente, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad de Concepci\u00f3n, Victoria 631, Concepci\u00f3n 4070386, Chile"},{"name":"Centro de Biotecnolog\u00eda, Universidad de Concepci\u00f3n, Barrio Universitario S\/N, Concepci\u00f3n 4070386, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1850-0244","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gustavo","family":"Cabrera-Barjas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela de Nutrici\u00f3n y Diet\u00e9tica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Rehabilitaci\u00f3n y Calidad de Vida, Universidad San Sebasti\u00e1n, Campus Las Tres Pascualas, Lientur 1457, Concepci\u00f3n 4080871, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8562-3842","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia","family":"P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Qu\u00edmica de Productos Naturales, Departamento de Bot\u00e1nica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanogr\u00e1ficas, Universidad de Concepci\u00f3n, Barrio Universitario S\/N, Concepci\u00f3n 4070386, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1763-9463","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cecilia","family":"Fuentealba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Desarrollo Tecnol\u00f3gico, Universidad de Concepci\u00f3n, Av. Cordillera 3624, Parque Industrial Coronel, Coronel 4191996, Chile"},{"name":"Centro Nacional de Excelencia para la Industria de la Madera (CENAMAD)\u2014ANID BASAL FB210015, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile, Av. Vicu\u00f1a Mackenna 4860, Santiago 7820436, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1139\/w99-090","article-title":"Fungi That Cause Sapstain in Canadian Softwoods","volume":"45","author":"Uzunovic","year":"1999","journal-title":"Can. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vicente, C.S.L., Soares, M., Faria, J.M.S., Espada, M., Mota, M., N\u00f3brega, F., Ramos, A.P., and In\u00e1cio, M.L. (2022). Fungal Communities of the Pine Wilt Disease Complex: Studying the Interaction of Ophiostomatales with Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. Front. Plant Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2022.908308"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2010.07.044","article-title":"Predicting Sapstain and Degrade in Fallen Trees Following Storm Damage in a Pinus radiata Forest","volume":"260","author":"McCarthy","year":"2010","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijwd.2016.01.002","article-title":"Chromated Copper Arsenate-Treated Wood: A Potential Source of Arsenic Exposure and Toxicity in Dermatology","volume":"2","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Women\u2019s Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morais, S., Fonseca, H.M.A.C., Oliveira, S.M.R., Oliveira, H., Gupta, V.K., Sharma, B., and de Lourdes Pereira, M. (2021). Environmental and Health Hazards of Chromated Copper Arsenate-Treated Wood: A Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18115518"},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref_6.1","unstructured":"European Parliament and Council of the European Union (2012). Regulation"},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref_6.2","unstructured":"(EU) No 528\/2012 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 May 2012 Concerning the Making Available on the Market and Use of Biocidal Products. Off. J. Eur. Union, L 167, 1-123."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3347","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.8b04392","article-title":"Fungicides: An Overlooked Pesticide Class?","volume":"53","author":"Zubrod","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114660","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114660","article-title":"Toxic Effects and Mechanisms of Three Commonly Used Fungicides on the Human Colon Adenocarcinoma Cell Line Caco-2","volume":"263","author":"Tao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santos, J., Escobar-Avello, D., Fuentealba, C., Cabrera-Barjas, G., Gonz\u00e1lez-\u00c1lvarez, J., Martins, J.M., and Carvalho, L.H. (2023). Forest By-Product Valorization: Pilot-Scale Pinus radiata and Eucalyptus globulus Bark Mixture Extraction. Forests, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/f14050895"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"364","article-title":"Tropolone Content of Increment Cores as an Indicator of Decay Resistance in Western Redcedar","volume":"29","author":"DeBell","year":"1997","journal-title":"Wood Fiber Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1051\/forest:2000155","article-title":"Caract\u00e9risation et origine des tropolones responsables de la durabilit\u00e9 naturelle des Cupressac\u00e9es. Application potentielle en pr\u00e9servation du bois","volume":"57","author":"Haluk","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann. For. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibiod.2017.09.001","article-title":"Fungal Decay of Western Redcedar Wood Products\u2014A Review","volume":"125","author":"Stirling","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S32","DOI":"10.1016\/S1001-0742(14)60621-5","article-title":"Application of Hinokitiol Potassium Salt for Wood Preservative","volume":"25","author":"Hu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.23.995","article-title":"Antifungal Activity of Hinokitiol-Related Compounds on Wood-Rotting Fungi and Their Insecticidal Activities","volume":"23","author":"Inamori","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biol. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbr.2017.01.002","article-title":"Antifungal Activities of Wood Extractives","volume":"31","author":"Valette","year":"2017","journal-title":"Fungal Biol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferrer, V., O\u00f1ate-Vald\u00e9s, T., Fuentealba, C., Bravo-Arrepol, G., Torres, S., Hern\u00e1ndez, V., V\u00e1squez, M., Moraga-Suazo, P., Santos, J., and Escobar-Avello, D. (2026). Pilot Alkaline Extraction of Eucalyptus globulus Bark: A Natural Sustainable Solution for Wood Preservation. Antioxidants, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox15060774"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.12121","article-title":"Response Surface Methodology as a Tool to Optimize the Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Plant Sources","volume":"103","author":"Weremfo","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silva, V. (2018). Utilization of Response Surface Methodology in Optimization of Extraction of Plant Materials. Statistical Approaches with Emphasis on Design of Experiments Applied to Chemical Processes, IntechOpen.","DOI":"10.5772\/65616"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(92)90285-F","article-title":"High Sugar Content of Extracts Interferes with Colorimetric Determination of Amino Acids and Free Proline","volume":"200","author":"Larher","year":"1992","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2017.07.014","article-title":"Optimization of Solvent Extraction of Antioxidants from Eucalyptus globulus Leaves by Response Surface Methodology: Characterization and Assessment of Their Bioactive Properties","volume":"108","author":"Moreira","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.7446","article-title":"Extraction, Identification, Fractionation and Isolation of Phenolic Compounds in Plants with Hepatoprotective Effects","volume":"96","author":"Pereira","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1021\/ac60111a017","article-title":"Colorimetric Method for Determination of Sugars and Related Substances","volume":"28","author":"DuBois","year":"1956","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ab.2004.12.001","article-title":"Carbohydrate Analysis by a Phenol\u2013Sulfuric Acid Method in Microplate Format","volume":"339","author":"Masuko","year":"2005","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2007.102","article-title":"Estimation of Total Phenolic Content and Other Oxidation Substrates in Plant Tissues Using Folin\u2013Ciocalteu Reagent","volume":"2","author":"Ainsworth","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/S0076-6879(99)99017-1","article-title":"Analysis of Total Phenols and Other Oxidation Substrates and Antioxidants by Means of Folin-Ciocalteu Reagent","volume":"Volume 299","author":"Packer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Methods in Enzymology"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/S0023-6438(95)80008-5","article-title":"Use of a Free Radical Method to Evaluate Antioxidant Activity","volume":"28","author":"Cuvelier","year":"1995","journal-title":"LWT Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(98)00315-3","article-title":"Antioxidant Activity Applying an Improved ABTS Radical Cation Decolorization Assay","volume":"26","author":"Re","year":"1999","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1006\/abio.1996.0292","article-title":"The Ferric Reducing Ability of Plasma (FRAP) as a Measure of \u201cAntioxidant Power\u201d: The FRAP Assay","volume":"239","author":"Benzie","year":"1996","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"(2010). Standard Test Method for Fungicides for Controlling Sapstain and Mold on Unseasoned Lumber (Laboratory Method) (Standard No. ASTM D4445-10)."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105082","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibiod.2020.105082","article-title":"Variation in Mold Susceptibility among Hardwood Species under Laboratory Conditions","volume":"154","author":"Arango","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"(1999). Bioensayo de Toxicidad Aguda Mediante la Determinaci\u00f3n de la Inhibici\u00f3n de la Movilidad de Daphnia magna (Standard No. NCh 2083 Of.1999)."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"(2002). Calidad del Agua\u2014Bioensayo de Toxicidad Aguda Mediante la Determinaci\u00f3n de la Inhibici\u00f3n de la Movilidad de Daphnia magna Straus (Cladocera, Crustacea) (Standard No. NCh 2706 Of.2002)."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"(2012). Water Quality\u2014Determination of the Inhibition of the Mobility of Daphnia magna Straus (Cladocera, Crustacea)\u2014Acute Toxicity Test (Standard No. ISO 6341:2012)."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"(2004). Test No. 202: Daphnia sp. Acute Immobilisation Test (Standard No. OECD 202)."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"National Center for Biotechnology Information (2026, September 10). PubChem Compound Summary for CID 3611, Hinokitiol, Available online: https:\/\/pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/compound\/Hinokitiol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6991","DOI":"10.1021\/ie300103z","article-title":"Extraction of Polyphenolic Compounds from Eucalyptus globulus Bark: Process Optimization and Screening for Biological Activity","volume":"51","author":"Mota","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2097","DOI":"10.1021\/es5002105","article-title":"Identifying Small Molecules via High Resolution Mass Spectrometry: Communicating Confidence","volume":"48","author":"Schymanski","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khademibami, L., and Bobadilha, G.S. (2022). Recent Developments Studies on Wood Protection Research in Academia: A Review. Front. For. Glob. Change, 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/ffgc.2022.793177"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1788","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.16251","article-title":"Glycosylated Flavonoids: Fruit\u2019s Concealed Antifungal Arsenal","volume":"225","author":"Sudheeran","year":"2020","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/s00107-024-02184-x","article-title":"Effects of Tannin-Geopolymer Impregnation on Wood: Leachability, Biodegradation Resistance and Mechanical Properties","volume":"83","author":"Suvanto","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. J. Wood Prod."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Broda, M. (2020). Natural Compounds for Wood Protection against Fungi\u2014A Review. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25153538"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2009.06.134","article-title":"Enzymatic Properties of Cytochrome P450 Catalyzing 3\u2032-Hydroxylation of Naringenin from the White-Rot Fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium","volume":"387","author":"Kasai","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/S0162-0134(02)00511-1","article-title":"Iron and Copper Chelation by Flavonoids: An Electrospray Mass Spectrometry Study","volume":"92","author":"Fernandez","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Inorg. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1515\/HF.2005.032","article-title":"Metal Chelation Studies Relevant to Wood Preservation. 1. Complexation of Propyl Gallate with Fe2+","volume":"59","author":"Binbuga","year":"2005","journal-title":"Holzforschung"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8634","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.7b03261","article-title":"Bioassay-Guided Isolation of Antioxidant and Cytoprotective Constituents from a Maqui Berry (Aristotelia chilensis) Dietary Supplement Ingredient as Markers for Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis","volume":"65","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2711","DOI":"10.1139\/X08-112","article-title":"Phenolic Metabolites in the Resistance of Northern Forest Trees to Pathogens\u2014Past Experiences and Future Prospects","volume":"38","author":"Witzell","year":"2008","journal-title":"Can. J. For. Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1094\/Phyto-69-1138","article-title":"Role of Stilbenes in Resistance of Wood to Decay","volume":"69","author":"Hart","year":"1979","journal-title":"Phytopathology"},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"1402","article-title":"Protective Effects and Therapeutic Applications of Ellagic Acid against Natural and Synthetic Toxicants: A Review Article","volume":"25","author":"Naraki","year":"2022","journal-title":"Iran. J. Basic Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1080\/1071576021000016463","article-title":"Interactions of Flavonoids with Iron and Copper Ions: A Mechanism for Their Antioxidant Activity","volume":"36","author":"Mira","year":"2002","journal-title":"Free Radic. Res."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Periferakis, A., Periferakis, K., Badarau, I.A., Petran, E.M., Popa, D.C., Caruntu, A., Costache, R.S., Scheau, C., Caruntu, C., and Costache, D.O. (2022). Kaempferol: Antimicrobial Properties, Sources, Clinical, and Traditional Applications. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232315054"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3408","DOI":"10.1080\/02648725.2022.2122303","article-title":"Pharmacological Insights into the Multifaceted Biological Properties of Quinic Acid","volume":"40","author":"Benali","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Genet. Eng. Rev."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1186\/s13020-021-00481-8","article-title":"Quinic Acid: A Potential Antibiofilm Agent against Clinical Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume":"16","author":"Lu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chin. Med."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142013","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.142013","article-title":"Bio-Based Wood Preservatives: Their Efficiency, Leaching and Ecotoxicity Compared to a Commercial Wood Preservative","volume":"753","author":"Akkanen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Government of Canada (2026, September 10). Categorization Results of the Domestic Substances List: Hinokitiol (CAS 499-44-5), Available online: https:\/\/open.canada.ca\/data\/en\/dataset\/1d946396-cf9a-4fa1-8942-4541063bfba4."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sl\u00e1mov\u00e1, K., Kape\u0161ov\u00e1, J., and Valentov\u00e1, K. (2018). \u201cSweet Flavonoids\u201d: Glycosidase-Catalyzed Modifications. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19072126"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mart\u00edn, J.A., and L\u00f3pez, R. (2023). Biological Deterioration and Natural Durability of Wood in Europe. Forests, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/f14020283"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1515\/hf-2015-0181","article-title":"Influence of Sugar and Starch Content of Palm Wood on Fungal Development and Prevention of Fungal Colonization by Acid Treatment","volume":"70","author":"Schmidt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Holzforschung"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, Z., Zhang, X., Zhang, R., Yu, Y., and Sun, F. (2022). Improving the Mould and Blue-Stain-Resistance of Bamboo through Acidic Hydrolysis. Polymers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14020244"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"fov107","DOI":"10.1093\/femsyr\/fov107","article-title":"Sucrose and Saccharomyces cerevisiae: A Relationship Most Sweet","volume":"16","author":"Marques","year":"2016","journal-title":"FEMS Yeast Res."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.2478\/pjfns-2013-0017","article-title":"Fermentation of Plant Material\u2014Effect on Sugar Content and Stability of Bioactive Compounds","volume":"64","author":"Reis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pol. J. Food Nutr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-002-1055-z","article-title":"The Influence of Bark on the Fermentation of Douglas-Fir Whitewood Pre-Hydrolysates","volume":"59","author":"Robinson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s40694-017-0030-5","article-title":"The Fungal Composition of Natural Biofinishes on Oil-Treated Wood","volume":"4","author":"Houbraken","year":"2017","journal-title":"Fungal Biol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-8524(99)00060-7","article-title":"Degradation and Detoxification of Softwood Extractives by Sapstain Fungi","volume":"71","author":"Dorado","year":"2000","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stempien, E., Goddard, M.-L., Wilhelm, K., Tarnus, C., Bertsch, C., and Chong, J. (2017). Grapevine Botryosphaeria Dieback Fungi Have Specific Aggressiveness Factor Repertory Involved in Wood Decay and Stilbene Metabolization. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0188766"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morales-Cruz, A., Amrine, K.C.H., Blanco-Ulate, B., Lawrence, D.P., Travadon, R., Rolshausen, P.E., Baumgartner, K., and Cantu, D. (2015). Distinctive Expansion of Gene Families Associated with Plant Cell Wall Degradation, Secondary Metabolism, and Nutrient Uptake in the Genomes of Grapevine Trunk Pathogens. BMC Genom., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-015-1624-z"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.3767\/003158512X658899","article-title":"Resolving the Diplodia Complex on Apple and Other Rosaceae Hosts","volume":"29","author":"Phillips","year":"2012","journal-title":"Persoonia"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbr.2007.09.001","article-title":"Wood Decay under the Microscope","volume":"21","author":"Schwarze","year":"2007","journal-title":"Fungal Biol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roy, J., Kyritsi, I., Reinwarth, N., Bachelier, J.B., Rillig, M.C., and L\u00fccking, R. (2022). Host and Abiotic Constraints on the Distribution of the Pine Fungal Pathogen Sphaeropsis sapinea (=Diplodia sapinea). Front. For. Glob. Change, 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/ffgc.2022.971916"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tits, J., Cammue, B.P.A., and Thevissen, K. (2020). Combination Therapy to Treat Fungal Biofilm-Based Infections. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21228873"},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"(2020). Durability of Wood and Wood-Based Products\u2014Test Method Against Wood Destroying Basidiomycetes\u2014Part 1: Assessment of Biocidal Efficacy of Wood Preservatives (Standard No. EN 113-1:2020)."},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"(2022). Laboratory Method for Evaluating the Decay Resistance of Wood-Based Materials Against Pure Basidiomycete Cultures: Soil\/Block Test (Standard No. AWPA E10-22)."},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"(2020). Durability of Wood and Wood-Based Products\u2014Accelerated Ageing of Treated Wood Prior to Biological Testing\u2014Leaching Procedure (Standard No. EN 84:2020)."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/31\/19\/3503\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T18:43:50Z","timestamp":1790880230000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/31\/19\/3503"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules31193503"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules31193503","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]}}}