{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T09:55:53Z","timestamp":1790934953118,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":200,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790899200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009687","name":"Wroclaw Medical University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SUBD.A020.26.004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SUBD.A020.26.004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009687","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["SUBD.A020.26.004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SUBD.A020.26.004"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01qpw1b93","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004442","name":"National Science Centre","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023\/49\/B\/NZ6\/03394"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023\/49\/B\/NZ6\/03394"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004442","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["2023\/49\/B\/NZ6\/03394"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023\/49\/B\/NZ6\/03394"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03ha2q922","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Polyurethane (PU) is one of the most widely used synthetic polymers, yet polyurethane-derived microplastics and nanoplastics (MNPs) have received less attention than particles derived from polyethylene, polypropylene, or polystyrene. This narrative review summarizes current evidence on the sources, environmental release, aging, human exposure pathways, biomonitoring findings, biological effects, and research gaps associated with PU-derived MNPs. The review synthesized 200 sources from database searches without publication-date restrictions and supplementary contextual literature, integrating environmental, experimental, biomonitoring, and clinical evidence, considering methodological limitations and publication status. PU-derived MNPs originate from diverse consumer, industrial, textile, medical, and agricultural products and undergo physicochemical transformations during environmental aging that may alter particle behavior and chemical release. Human exposure may occur through inhalation, ingestion, dermal contact, and medical procedures, while PU-containing particles have been detected in biological matrices, including respiratory samples, placenta, blood, reproductive tissues, and urine. Experimental evidence suggests that PU-derived particles and their associated leachates may induce oxidative stress, inflammation, barrier dysfunction, cytotoxicity, and immune responses, although direct evidence linking PU exposure to human disease remains limited. Integrating environmental monitoring, human biomonitoring, toxicology, and One Health approaches can improve exposure assessment, harmonize analytical methods, and clarify the ecological and clinical relevance of PU-derived MNPs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31193517","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T09:10:48Z","timestamp":1790932248000},"page":"3517","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Polyurethane-Derived Microplastics and Nanoplastics: Sources, Human Exposure, and Toxicological and Health Effects"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-3173-8386","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"Pietrzak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 51-616 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-6318-9322","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adrian","family":"Kawecki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 51-616 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7201-8638","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"Zemelka-Wiacek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 51-616 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1700782","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.1700782","article-title":"Production, Use, and Fate of All Plastics Ever Made","volume":"3","author":"Geyer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1596","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2011.05.030","article-title":"Microplastics in the Marine Environment","volume":"62","author":"Andrady","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9175","DOI":"10.1021\/es201811s","article-title":"Accumulation of Microplastic on Shorelines Woldwide: Sources and Sinks","volume":"45","author":"Browne","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.1039\/C5EM00207A","article-title":"Pathways for Degradation of Plastic Polymers Floating in the Marine Environment","volume":"17","author":"Gewert","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Process. Impacts"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2017.10.014","article-title":"An Overview of Chemical Additives Present in Plastics: Migration, Release, Fate and Environmental Impact during Their Use, Disposal and Recycling","volume":"344","author":"Hahladakis","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bishop, B., Webber, W.S., Atif, S.M., Ley, A., Pankratz, K.A., Kostelecky, R., Colgan, S.P., Dinarello, C.A., Zhang, W., and Li, S. (2025). Micro- and Nano-Plastics Induce Inflammation and Cell Death in Human Cells. Front. Immunol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1528502"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Winiarska, E., Chaszczewska-Markowska, M., Ghete, D., Jutel, M., and Zemelka-Wiacek, M. (2024). Nanoplastics Penetrate Human Bronchial Smooth Muscle and Small Airway Epithelial Cells and Affect Mitochondrial Metabolism. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25094724"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.118535","article-title":"The Potential Impact of Nano- and Microplastics on Human Health: Understanding Human Health Risks","volume":"251","author":"Winiarska","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2026.120323","article-title":"Polystyrene Nanoplastics Induce Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Stress Responses in Human PBMCs","volume":"322","author":"Bilska","year":"2026","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102680","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2023.102680","article-title":"Biological Effects of Polystyrene Micro- and Nano-Plastics on Human Intestinal Organoid-Derived Epithelial Tissue Models without and with M Cells","volume":"50","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nanomed. Nanotechnol. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mart\u00edn-P\u00e9rez, J., Villacorta, A., Guti\u00e9rrez-Garc\u00eda, J., Egea, R., Morataya-Reyes, M., Cass\u00fa-Casadevall, M., Barguilla, I., Marcos, R., Hern\u00e1ndez, A., and Garc\u00eda-Rodr\u00edguez, A. (2026). Transcriptomic and Functional Profiling of Endothelial Dysfunction Induced by Polystyrene Nanoplastics. Front. Toxicol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/ftox.2026.1812922"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.161271","article-title":"Nanoplastic-Induced Vascular Endothelial Injury and Coagulation Dysfunction in Mice","volume":"865","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1186\/s12989-022-00500-y","article-title":"Amine-Modified Nanoplastics Promote the Procoagulant Activation of Isolated Human Red Blood Cells and Thrombus Formation in Rats","volume":"19","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Part. Fibre Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107199","article-title":"Discovery and Quantification of Plastic Particle Pollution in Human Blood","volume":"163","author":"Leslie","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.106274","article-title":"Plasticenta: First Evidence of Microplastics in Human Placenta","volume":"146","author":"Ragusa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154907","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.154907","article-title":"Detection of Microplastics in Human Lung Tissue Using \u03bcFTIR Spectroscopy","volume":"831","author":"Jenner","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1669","DOI":"10.1039\/D4VA00227J","article-title":"A Review of the Toxic Effects of Microplastics Based on Studies on Mammals and Mammalian Cell Lines","volume":"3","author":"Tang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.4103\/ijehe.ijehe_12_21","article-title":"Acute Toxic Effects of Polyurethane Microplastics on Adult Zebra Fish (Danio Rerio)","volume":"10","author":"Dinani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Health Eng."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1093\/etojnl\/vgae040","article-title":"Polyurethane Microplastics and Associated Tris(Chloropropyl)Phosphate Additives Both Affect Development in Larval Fathead Minnow Pimephales Promelas","volume":"44","author":"Hamilton","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.3934\/environsci.2021014","article-title":"Morphometric Effects of Various Weathered and Virgin\/Pure Microplastics on Sac Fry Zebrafish (Danio Rerio)","volume":"8","author":"Moreno","year":"2021","journal-title":"AIMS Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2018.01.024","article-title":"Current Opinion: What Is a Nanoplastic?","volume":"235","author":"Gigault","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16873","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.2c05602","article-title":"Effect of Polymer Properties on the Biodegradation of Polyurethane Microplastics","volume":"56","author":"Pfohl","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Plastics Europe (2026, July 04). Plastics\u2014The Fast Facts 2024. Available online: https:\/\/plasticseurope.org\/knowledge-hub\/plastics-the-fast-facts-2024\/."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9980","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.4c13686","article-title":"Mapping Flows, Stocks, Plastic Emissions, and Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Polyurethanes: Decoding Challenges and Pollution Prevention Pathways in China","volume":"59","author":"Cui","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1894","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.2c05063","article-title":"Formation of Nano- and Microplastics and Dissolved Chemicals During Photodegradation of Polyester Base Fabrics with Polyurethane Coating","volume":"57","author":"Shi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166584","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.166584","article-title":"Releases of Microplastics and Chemicals from Nonwoven Polyester Fabric-Based Polyurethane Synthetic Leather by Photoaging","volume":"902","author":"Shi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135089","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2024.135089","article-title":"Fabric Structure and Polymer Composition as Key Contributors to Micro(Nano)Plastic Contamination in Face Masks","volume":"476","author":"Tang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.170286","article-title":"Microplastics and Volatile Organic Compounds Released from Face Masks after Disinfection: Layers and Materials Differences","volume":"917","author":"Tan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.161356","article-title":"A Spectroscopic Study on Orthodontic Aligners: First Evidence of Secondary Microplastic Detachment after Seven Days of Artificial Saliva Exposure","volume":"866","author":"Quinzi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343982","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2025.343982","article-title":"Systematic Characterisation of Microplastics Released from Disposable Medical Devices Using Laser Direct Infrared Spectroscopy","volume":"1355","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135054","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2024.135054","article-title":"Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Leads to Microplastics Entering the Blood: Interventional Devices Are a Major Source","volume":"476","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128085","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128085","article-title":"Microplastic Entry into Bloodstream via Hemodialysis: A Dual-Simulation Clinical Study","volume":"398","author":"Deng","year":"2026","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1039\/D2EM00415A","article-title":"Photochemical Weathering of Polyurethane Microplastics Produced Complex and Dynamic Mixtures of Dissolved Organic Chemicals","volume":"25","author":"Albergamo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Process. Impacts"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2026.141295","article-title":"Salinity Inhibits UV Photoaging of Thermoplastic Polyurethane Microplastics and Enhances Atrazine Adsorption","volume":"504","author":"Cheng","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.154177","article-title":"The Characteristics of Dissolved Organic Matter Release from UV-Aged Microplastics and Its Cytotoxicity on Human Colonic Adenocarcinoma Cells","volume":"826","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127962","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127962","article-title":"Release Kinetics and Environmental Risks of TCPP from Polyurethane Foam Microplastics: Insights from Artificial Seawater to Natural Estuarine Water","volume":"397","author":"Yao","year":"2026","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1021\/envhealth.3c00052","article-title":"Potential Health Impact of Microplastics: A Review of Environmental Distribution, Human Exposure, and Toxic Effects","volume":"1","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22843","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.3c09524","article-title":"Effects of Microplastic Exposure on Human Digestive, Reproductive, and Respiratory Health: A Rapid Systematic Review","volume":"58","author":"Chartres","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.156369","article-title":"The Surface Degradation and Release of Microplastics from Plastic Films Studied by UV Radiation and Mechanical Abrasion","volume":"838","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s43591-025-00118-9","article-title":"Environmental Degradation and Fragmentation of Microplastics: Dependence on Polymer Type, Humidity, UV Dose and Temperature","volume":"5","author":"Pfohl","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microplastics Nanoplastics"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11323","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.2c01228","article-title":"Environmental Degradation of Microplastics: How to Measure Fragmentation Rates to Secondary Micro- and Nanoplastic Fragments and Dissociation into Dissolved Organics","volume":"56","author":"Pfohl","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106071","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2021.106071","article-title":"Probabilistic Material Flow Analysis and Emissions Modeling for Five Commodity Plastics (PUR, ABS, PA, PC, and PMMA) as Macroplastics and Microplastics","volume":"179","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Resour. Conserv. Recycl."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2023.117304","article-title":"Trail Running Events Contribute Microplastic Pollution to Conservation and Wilderness Areas","volume":"331","author":"Forster","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.162473","article-title":"Microplastic Pollution on Hiking and Running Trails in Australian Protected Environments","volume":"874","author":"Forster","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46368","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-023-25635-z","article-title":"Microplastic Surface Retention and Mobility on Hiking Trails","volume":"30","author":"Forster","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.124263","article-title":"Magnetic Association of Microplastics in Urban Road Dust: Size Distribution and Ecological Risk","volume":"298","author":"Kida","year":"2026","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clwat.2026.100220","article-title":"Abundance and Characteristics of Microplastics in Stormwater Runoff from Parking Lots and Roadways on a University Campus","volume":"5","author":"Olubusoye","year":"2026","journal-title":"Clean. Water"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173628","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2026.173628","article-title":"Microplastic Profile, Fate, and Degradation Pathways: Unraveling Removal Mechanisms in Six Full-Scale Dyeing and Printing Wastewater Treatment Plants","volume":"530","author":"Xu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20268","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-018-2400-9","article-title":"Characterisation of \u201cFlushable\u201d and \u201cNon-Flushable\u201d Commercial Wet Wipes Using microRaman, FTIR Spectroscopy and Fluorescence Microscopy: To Flush or Not to Flush","volume":"25","author":"McKinney","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122976","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2023.122976","article-title":"Insight into the Chemical Transformation and Organic Release of Polyurethane Microplastics during Chlorination","volume":"341","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13109","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5c17195","article-title":"Abiotic Hydrolysis of Microplastics: Influence of Polymer Chain Scission on Particle Fragmentation and Dissolved Organic Carbon Release","volume":"60","author":"Schmidt","year":"2026","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.150495","article-title":"Laundering of Face Masks Represents an Additional Source of Synthetic and Natural Microfibers to Aquatic Ecosystems","volume":"806","author":"Antenucci","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10383","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-37594-z","article-title":"Plastiglomerates from Uncontrolled Burning of Plastic Waste on Indonesian Beaches Contain High Contents of Organic Pollutants","volume":"13","author":"Utami","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106978","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2021.106978","article-title":"Catalytic Upgrading of the Polymeric Constituents in Covid-19 Masks","volume":"10","author":"Ali","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01095-19","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01095-19","article-title":"Plastics: Environmental and Biotechnological Perspectives on Microbial Degradation","volume":"85","author":"Danso","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6036","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-56492-6","article-title":"Rapid Biodegradation of Microplastics Generated from Bio-Based Thermoplastic Polyurethane","volume":"14","author":"Allemann","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2021.07.011","article-title":"Breakthrough in Polyurethane Bio-Recycling: An Efficient Laccase-Mediated System for the Degradation of Different Types of Polyurethanes","volume":"132","author":"Magnin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106097","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibiod.2025.106097","article-title":"Unveiling Fungal Degradation Pathways for Polyurethane and Polyethylene through Enrichment Cultures and Metabolic Analysis","volume":"202","author":"Okal","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R\u00fcthi, J., Cerri, M., Brunner, I., Stierli, B., Sander, M., and Frey, B. (2023). Discovery of Plastic-Degrading Microbial Strains Isolated from the Alpine and Arctic Terrestrial Plastisphere. Front. Microbiol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1178474"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0008724","DOI":"10.1128\/mmbr.00087-24","article-title":"Microbial Plastic Degradation: Enzymes, Pathways, Challenges, and Perspectives","volume":"89","author":"Sass","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. MMBR"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2022.129406","article-title":"Biodegradation of Polyester Polyurethane by the Marine Fungus Cladosporium Halotolerans 6UPA1","volume":"437","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157714","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.157714","article-title":"Photodissolution of Submillimeter-Sized Microplastics and Its Dependences on Temperature and Light Composition","volume":"848","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.04.401","article-title":"Leaching Behavior of Fluorescent Additives from Microplastics and the Toxicity of Leachate to Chlorella Vulgaris","volume":"678","author":"Luo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"108","article-title":"Effect of Pre-Ozonation on Disinfection Byproduct Formation from Microplastics upon Subsequent Chlorination","volume":"43","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Huanjing Kexue XuebaoActa Sci. Circumstantiae"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136867","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.136867","article-title":"Sorption and Desorption of Bisphenols on Commercial Plastics and the Effect of UV Aging","volume":"310","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"2258","article-title":"Adsorption and Desorption Behavior of 17\u03b1-Ethinyl Estradiol on Microplastics","volume":"41","author":"Jiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"China Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1186\/s43591-022-00049-9","article-title":"A Comparative Investigation of the Sorption of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons to Various Polydisperse Micro- and Nanoplastics Using a Novel Third-Phase Partition Method","volume":"2","author":"Emecheta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microplastics Nanoplastics"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119957","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.119957","article-title":"International Quantification of Microplastics in Indoor Dust: Prevalence, Exposure and Risk Assessment","volume":"312","author":"Soltani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vdovchenko, A., and Resmini, M. (2024). Mapping Microplastics in Humans: Analysis of Polymer Types, and Shapes in Food and Drinking Water-A Systematic Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25137074"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136748","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.136748","article-title":"Insight into the Microplastics Release from Disposable Face Mask: Simulated Environment and Removal Strategy","volume":"309","author":"Jiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-025-13850-9","article-title":"Hidden Hazards: Microplastics in Intravenous Admixtures and Their Path into the Body","volume":"197","author":"Pal","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/s40510-026-00608-3","article-title":"Orthodontic Derived Microplastics Impact Macrophage Differentiation and Homeostasis","volume":"27","author":"Warunek","year":"2026","journal-title":"Prog. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2023.122178","article-title":"Source Apportionment of Microplastics in Indoor Dust: Two Strategies Based on Shape and Composition","volume":"334","author":"Peng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1656","DOI":"10.1111\/all.16103","article-title":"EAACI Guidelines on Environmental Science for Allergy and Asthma: The Impact of Short-term Exposure to Outdoor Air Pollutants on Asthma-related Outcomes and Recommendations for Mitigation Measures","volume":"79","author":"Agache","year":"2024","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1111\/all.16502","article-title":"EAACI Guidelines on Environmental Science for Allergy and Asthma\u2014Recommendations on the Impact of Indoor Air Pollutants on the Risk of New-Onset Asthma and on Asthma-Related Outcomes","volume":"80","author":"Agache","year":"2025","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jarosz, K., Janus, R., W\u0105drzyk, M., Wilczy\u0144ska-Michalik, W., Natka\u0144ski, P., and Michalik, M. (2022). Airborne Microplastic in the Atmospheric Deposition and How to Identify and Quantify the Threat: Semi-Quantitative Approach Based on Krak\u00f3w Case Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health, 19.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202208.0086.v1"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2024.135190","article-title":"Microplastic Atmospheric Pollution in an Urban Southern Brazil Region: What Can Spider Webs Tell Us?","volume":"477","author":"Schuab","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3707","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-39340-5","article-title":"Occurrence and Backtracking of Microplastic Mass Loads Including Tire Wear Particles in Northern Atlantic Air","volume":"14","author":"Herzke","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134024","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2024.134024","article-title":"Atmospheric Microplastic Deposition Associated with GDP and Population Growth: Insights from Megacities in Northern China","volume":"469","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153709","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.153709","article-title":"Airborne and Marine Microplastics from an Oceanographic Survey at the Baltic Sea: An Emerging Role of Air-Sea Interaction?","volume":"824","author":"Ferrero","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100682","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cscee.2024.100682","article-title":"Airborne Microplastics in the Roadside and Residential Areas of Southern Thailand","volume":"9","author":"Myat","year":"2024","journal-title":"Case Stud. Chem. Environ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.32526\/ennrj\/24\/20250103","article-title":"Atmospheric Microplastics in Indoor and Outdoor Air: Abundance and Their Potential as Vectors for Heavy Metals","volume":"24","author":"Ministerio","year":"2026","journal-title":"Environ. Nat. Resour. J."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1007\/s11869-024-01667-3","article-title":"Characterization and Sources of Indoor and Outdoor Microplastics and PM2.5: Possible Relationships","volume":"18","author":"Zheng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Air Qual. Atmos. Health"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129942","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2022.129942","article-title":"Assessing Microplastic Characteristics in Bottled Drinking Water and Air Deposition Samples Using Laser Direct Infrared Imaging","volume":"441","author":"Nizamali","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2476","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.1c03859","article-title":"Detection and Analysis of Microplastics in Human Sputum","volume":"56","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2025.139537","article-title":"Geospatial Environmental Sources of Inhaled Microplastics: A Case in Zhuhai, China","volume":"496","author":"Zhong","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.121278","article-title":"Microplastics in Urine, Sputum and Lung Lavage Fluid from Patients with Respiratory Illnesses","volume":"274","author":"Jahedi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8496","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.3c00716","article-title":"New Evidence of Microplastics in the Lower Respiratory Tract: Inhalation through Smoking","volume":"57","author":"Lu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125054","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2024.125054","article-title":"Microplastics, as a Risk Factor in the Development of Interstitial Lung Disease- a Preliminary Study","volume":"363","author":"Atamanalp","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2435","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.2c06880","article-title":"Evidence of Microplastics in Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid among Never-Smokers: A Prospective Case Series","volume":"57","author":"Qiu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2025.112501","article-title":"Microplastic Presence in the Fluid of Otitis Media with Effusion","volume":"196","author":"Kaplan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151472","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.151472","article-title":"Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Airborne Microplastics in Nail Salons","volume":"806","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_93","first-page":"106","article-title":"Distribution Characteristics of Microplastics and Potentially Pathogenic Bacteria in Airborne Medium from Wastewater Treatment Plants","volume":"45","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Huanjing Kexue Xuebao Acta Sci. Circumstantiae"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, J., Liu, Y., Gao, Y., Li, X., and Gong, Y. (2023). Study on the Extraction Method of Microplastic System in Textile Wastewater. Polymers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15061394"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.166553","article-title":"Investigation on Microfiber Release from Elastane Blended Fabrics and Its Environmental Significance","volume":"903","author":"Rathinamoorthy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jwpe.2024.106400","article-title":"From Closet to Contaminant to Control: Unveiling Microplastic Sources in Household Textiles and Potential for Environmental Application","volume":"68","author":"Payel","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Water Process Eng."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153730","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.153730","article-title":"Human Health Concerns Regarding Microplastics in the Aquatic Environment\u2014From Marine to Food Systems","volume":"823","author":"Yuan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2025.138527","article-title":"Health Risk Assessment of Microplastics Contamination in the Daily Diet of South Asian Countries","volume":"494","author":"Mondal","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2024.134169","article-title":"Landscape and Risk Assessment of Microplastic Contamination in Farmed Oysters and Seawater along the Coastline of China","volume":"470","author":"Lin","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9515482","DOI":"10.1155\/sci5\/9515482","article-title":"Microplastics in Certain Commercial Finfish and Shellfish From Cox\u2019s Bazar Fish Landing Center, Bangladesh: Evaluating Abundance and Risks","volume":"2025","author":"Ahmed","year":"2025","journal-title":"Scientifica"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2024.116137","article-title":"Microplastic Prevalence in Epipelagic Layer: Evidence from Epipelagic Inhabiting Prawns of North-West Arabian Sea","volume":"200","author":"Rabari","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141048","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2026.141048","article-title":"Burbot (Lota Lota) as a Bioindicator of Microplastic Pollution in the Tisza River: Multi-Tissue Contamination, Polymer Characterisation, and Implications for Ecological and Human-Health Risks","volume":"503","author":"Uzochukwu","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfca.2025.107561","article-title":"Microplastic in Seafood from the Persian Gulf: Occurrence, Characteristics, Risk Assessment, and Human Exposure","volume":"142","author":"Keshavarzi","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Food Compos. Anal."},{"key":"ref_104","first-page":"309","article-title":"Occurrence, Characterization, and Hazard Assessment of Microplastics in Edible Tissues of Commercial Fishes from Public Wet Markets in Cebu Province, Philippines","volume":"12","author":"Alburo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Aquat. Biol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5185","DOI":"10.1007\/s10750-026-06199-8","article-title":"Differential Accumulation of Microplastics in the Gills and Gastrointestinal Tract of Fish Species of Commercial and Ecological Importance in the Colombian Caribbean Sea","volume":"853","author":"Trilleras","year":"2026","journal-title":"Hydrobiologia"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1936-704X.2022.3379.x","article-title":"Prevalence and Distribution of Microplastics in Oysters from the Mississippi Sound","volume":"177","author":"Wontor","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Contemp. WATER Res. Educ."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2025.144236","article-title":"Microplastics in the Lower Volta Basin, Ghana\u2014Quantitation and Fish Dietary Exposure Assessment Using Advanced Spectroscopic Techniques","volume":"375","author":"Agadzi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158699","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.158699","article-title":"Detection of Various Microplastics in Placentas, Meconium, Infant Feces, Breastmilk and Infant Formula: A Pilot Prospective Study","volume":"854","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Banica, A.L., Radulescu, C., Dulama, I.D., Bucurica, I.A., Stirbescu, R.M., and Stanescu, S.G. (2024). Microplastics, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, and Heavy Metals in Milk: Analyses and Induced Health Risk Assessment. Foods, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods13193069"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2024.125388","article-title":"Occurrence and Characteristics of Microplastics in South African Beverages","volume":"365","author":"Ramaremisa","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138799","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2025.138799","article-title":"Hidden Risk of Microplastics in Milk Tea and Coffee: A Case Study from China\u2019s Freshly-Made Beverage Market","volume":"494","author":"Su","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-022-22101-0","article-title":"Consuming Microplastics? Investigation of Commercial Salts as a Source of Microplastics (MPs) in Diet","volume":"30","author":"Kuttykattil","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108080","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbio.2025.108080","article-title":"Polymer Profiling and Morphological Characterization of Microplastics in Raw and Packaged Milk","volume":"75","author":"Kundu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Food Biosci."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105611","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfca.2023.105611","article-title":"Microplastics in Branded Milk: Dietary Exposure and Risk Assessment","volume":"123","author":"Basaran","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Food Compos. Anal."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.175373","article-title":"Spatiotemporal Variation of Microplastics along the Long-Distance Raw Water Pipeline","volume":"951","author":"Tao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115682","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.115682","article-title":"Microplastic Contamination in Groundwater on a Volcanic Jeju Island of Korea","volume":"226","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141903","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2024.141903","article-title":"Detection and Characterisation of Microplastics in Tap Water from Gauteng, South Africa","volume":"356","author":"Ramaremisa","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.119185","article-title":"Screening of Microplastics in Water and Sludge Lines of a Drinking Water Treatment Plant in Catalonia, Spain","volume":"225","author":"Dronjak","year":"2022","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.131406","article-title":"Simple Screening of Microplastics in Bottled Waters and Environmental Freshwaters Using a Novel Fluorophore","volume":"285","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clwat.2026.100230","article-title":"Occurrence and Removal of Microplastics in Three Drinking Water Treatment Plants and Commercial Bottled Water Brands in Jordan","volume":"6","author":"Alsalhi","year":"2026","journal-title":"Clean. Water"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Camilleri, J., Agius Anastasi, A., and Briffa, S.M. (2025). Detection, Quantification, and Characterisation of Microplastics in Maltese Bottled Water. Microplastics, 4.","DOI":"10.3390\/microplastics4040088"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138488","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2023.138488","article-title":"Physicochemical Changes in Microplastics and Formation of DBPs under Ozonation","volume":"327","author":"Hao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142761","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2024.142761","article-title":"Effects of UV Light on Physicochemical Changes in Thermoplastic Polyurethanes: Mechanism and Disinfection Byproduct Formation","volume":"363","author":"Cheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2023.121254","article-title":"Effects of Chlorination on Microplastics Pollution: Physicochemical Transformation and Chromium Adsorption","volume":"323","author":"Miao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e16587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e16587","article-title":"Impact of Plastic Film Mulching on Microplastic in Farmland Soils in Guangdong Province, China","volume":"9","author":"Long","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.02.002","article-title":"Distribution and Characteristics of Microplastics in Leachate and underneath Soil of Two Informal Landfills","volume":"195","author":"Ma","year":"2025","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124866","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2024.124866","article-title":"Distribution, Characteristics, and Ecological Risks of Microplastics in the Hongyingzi Sorghum Production Base in China","volume":"361","author":"Shi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116486","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2024.116486","article-title":"Investigation of Microplastics in Advanced Biological Wastewater Treatment Plant Effluent","volume":"203","author":"Arslan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2024.142206","article-title":"Microplastics Removal Efficiency and Risk Analysis of Wastewater Treatment Plants in Oman","volume":"359","author":"Yavari","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2023.119353","article-title":"Microplastic Transport during Desertification in Drylands: Abundance and Characterization of Soil Microplastics in the Amu Darya-Aral Sea Basin, Central Asia","volume":"348","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168883","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.168883","article-title":"Accumulation of Microplastics in Soil after Long-Term Application of Biosolids and Atmospheric Deposition","volume":"912","author":"Adhikari","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144825","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2026.144825","article-title":"Widespread Microplastic Contamination in Australian Soils: Sources, Pathways, and Environmental Implications","volume":"395","author":"Samandra","year":"2026","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jones, J.I., Vdovchenko, A., Cooling, D., Murphy, J.F., Arnold, A., Pretty, J.L., Spencer, K.L., Markus, A.A., Vethaak, A.D., and Resmini, M. (2020). Systematic Analysis of the Relative Abundance of Polymers Occurring as Microplastics in Freshwaters and Estuaries. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17249304"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180768","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.180768","article-title":"Occurrence Characteristics, Source Analysis, and Risk Assessment of Microplastics in Agricultural Soils: A Case Study on Shihezi Reclamation Area, Xinjiang, China","volume":"1004","author":"Jia","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2025.140181","article-title":"Risks of Microplastics from Polyurethane and Polyethylene-Polycarbonate Coated Fertilizers to Soil-Crop System","volume":"499","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116826","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2024.116826","article-title":"Impact of Microplastic Residues from Polyurethane Films on Crop Growth: Unraveling Insights through Transcriptomics and Metabolomics Analysis","volume":"283","author":"Cui","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135621","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2024.135621","article-title":"Microplastic Assessment in Aquaculture Feeds: Analyzing Polymer Variability across Commercial Fishfeeds from Three Continents","volume":"479","author":"Devi","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166434","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.166434","article-title":"Under Flooding Conditions, Controlled-Release Fertiliser Coated Microplastics Affect the Growth and Accumulation of Cadmium in Rice by Increasing the Fluidity of Cadmium and Interfering with Metabolic Pathways","volume":"901","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170978","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.170978","article-title":"Biodegradation of Microplastics Derived from Controlled Release Fertilizer Coating: Selective Microbial Colonization and Metabolism in Plastisphere","volume":"920","author":"Tian","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1007\/s10653-025-02393-0","article-title":"The Coexistence Characteristics of Microplastics and Heavy Metals in Rhizomes of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Mulch Planting Area","volume":"47","author":"Xiao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Geochem. Health"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157886","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.157886","article-title":"How Do Controlled-Release Fertilizer Coated Microplastics Dynamically Affect Cd Availability by Regulating Fe Species and DOC Content in Soil?","volume":"850","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2035","DOI":"10.1007\/s10895-025-04691-3","article-title":"Fluorescence Microscopy and FTIR-Based Analysis of Microplastics in Facial Personal Care Products","volume":"36","author":"Asad","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Fluoresc."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165903","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165903","article-title":"Occurrence of Microplastics in Three Types of Household Cleaning Products and Their Estimated Emissions into the Aquatic Environment","volume":"902","author":"Lin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.emcon.2024.100326","article-title":"Clean, but Not Green: Emission Assessment, Forecast Modelling and Policy Solutions for Plastic Microbeads from Personal Care Products in India","volume":"10","author":"Alex","year":"2024","journal-title":"Emerg. Contam."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.2319\/040820-265.1","article-title":"Micro Computed Tomography Evaluation of Invisalign Aligner Thickness Homogeneity","volume":"91","author":"Mantovani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Angle Orthod."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sanna, F., Es Sebar, L., Sannino, I., Avolese, S., Parrini, S., Posadino, M., Testa, P., Scotti, N., and Alovisi, M. (2026). Evaluating Chemical and Surface Stability of Thermoformed and 3D-Printed Clear Aligners after Intraoral Exposure. PLoS ONE, 21.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0345179"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17774","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.2c04706","article-title":"The Association Between Microplastics and Microbiota in Placentas and Meconium: The First Evidence in Humans","volume":"57","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Braun, T., Ehrlich, L., Henrich, W., Koeppel, S., Lomako, I., Schwabl, P., and Liebmann, B. (2021). Detection of Microplastic in Human Placenta and Meconium in a Clinical Setting. Pharmaceutics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13070921"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2024.117300","article-title":"Microplastics in Maternal Blood, Fetal Appendages, and Umbilical Vein Blood","volume":"287","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jochum, M., Garcia, M., Hammerquist, A., Howell, J., Stanford, M., Liu, R., Olewine, M., El Hayek, E., Phan, E., and Showalter, L. (2025). Elevated Micro- and Nanoplastics Detected in Preterm Human Placentae. Res. Sq., preprint.","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-5903715\/v1"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20241298","DOI":"10.1590\/0001-3765202520241298","article-title":"First Evidence of Microplastic Accumulation in Placentas and Umbilical Cords from Pregnancies in Brazil","volume":"97","author":"Oliveira","year":"2025","journal-title":"An. Acad. Bras. Cienc."},{"key":"ref_152","first-page":"i175","article-title":"Unveiling the Hidden Danger: Detection and Characterisation of Microplastics in Human Follicular and Seminal Fluids","volume":"40","author":"Almunia","year":"2025","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10482","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.4c01541","article-title":"Features, Potential Invasion Pathways, and Reproductive Health Risks of Microplastics Detected in Human Uterus","volume":"58","author":"Qin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2025.07.361","article-title":"Quantification of Microplastics in Human Follicular Fluid Specimens and Impact on Fertilization Rate","volume":"124","author":"Alexander","year":"2025","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, X., Wang, H., Peng, S., Kang, J., Xie, Z., Tang, R., Xing, Y., He, Y., Yuan, H., and Xie, C. (2022). Effect of Microplastics on Nasal and Intestinal Microbiota of the High-Exposure Population. Front. Public Health, 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.1005535"},{"key":"ref_156","first-page":"100393","article-title":"Micro- and Nanoplastics Are Elevated in Femoral Atherosclerotic Plaques Compared with Undiseased Arteries","volume":"6","author":"Massie","year":"2025","journal-title":"JVS-Vasc. Sci."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141997","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2026.141997","article-title":"Microplastic Accumulation in Paired Human Breast Tumor and Para-Tumor Tissues and Exploratory Clinical Associations","volume":"509","author":"Jia","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109743","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109743","article-title":"Tissue-Specific Distribution of Microplastics in Human Blood and Carotid Plaques: A Paired Sample Analysis","volume":"203","author":"Cui","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121077","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.121077","article-title":"Microplastic Accumulation in Fibrotic Intestinal Tissue and Mesenteric Adipose Tissue in Crohn\u2019s Disease Patients","volume":"271","author":"Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.170455","article-title":"Micro(Nano)Plastics in Human Urine: A Surprising Contrast between Chongqing\u2019s Urban and Rural Regions","volume":"917","author":"Song","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11467","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.9b02293","article-title":"Benchmarking the in Vitro Toxicity and Chemical Composition of Plastic Consumer Products","volume":"53","author":"Zimmermann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S180","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4274(23)00684-7","article-title":"P14-28: Towards a Tiered Strategy to Assess Microplastic Inhalation Toxicity","volume":"384","author":"Hansen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2405555","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202405555","article-title":"Microplastic Materials for Inhalation Studies: Preparation by Solvent Precipitation and Comprehensive Characterization","volume":"21","author":"Santizo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12051","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.0c02838","article-title":"Key Physicochemical Properties Dictating Gastrointestinal Bioaccessibility of Microplastics-Associated Organic Xenobiotics: Insights from a Deep Learning Approach","volume":"54","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24281","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.3c09380","article-title":"Desorption of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Microplastics in Human Gastrointestinal Fluid Simulants-Implications for Exposure Assessment","volume":"9","author":"Emecheta","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2024.06.070","article-title":"Preparation of Fluorescent Polyurethane Microspheres and Their Applications as Reusable Sensor for 4-Nitrophenol Detection and as Microplastics Model for Visualizing Polyurethane in Cells and Zebrafish","volume":"673","author":"Jiang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2024.135553","article-title":"Ecological Risk Assessment of Castor Oil Based Waterborne Polyurethane: Mechanism of Anionic\/Cationic State Selective Toxicity to Eisenia Fetida","volume":"478","author":"Hou","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00225423","article-title":"Regeneration of the Arterial Wall in Microporous, Compliant, Biodegradable Vascular Grafts after Implantation into the Rat Abdominal Aorta. Ultrastructural Observations","volume":"242","author":"Wildevuur","year":"1985","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132478","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2023.132478","article-title":"Microplastic Pollution in Organic Farming Development Cannot Be Ignored in China: Perspective of Commercial Organic Fertilizer","volume":"460","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2372","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-16235-3","article-title":"Microplastics Affect Sedimentary Microbial Communities and Nitrogen Cycling","volume":"11","author":"Seeley","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.119314","article-title":"Bacterial Colonisation of Plastic in the Rockall Trough, North-East Atlantic: An Improved Understanding of the Deep-Sea Plastisphere","volume":"305","author":"Kelly","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_172","first-page":"306","article-title":"Biomonitoring of Yozgat \u00c7aml\u0131k National Park\u2019s (T\u00fcrkiye) Anthropogenic Microfiber Pollution: A Comprehensive Analysis of Lichen-Supported Air Quality Assessment and Microplastic Composition Insights","volume":"25","author":"Kocakaya","year":"2025","journal-title":"KASTAMONU Univ. J. For. Fac."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2021.113134","article-title":"Microplastic Ingestion by the Sandfish Holothuria Scabra in Lampung and Sumbawa, Indonesia","volume":"175","author":"Riani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2025.119113","article-title":"Bioaccumulation and Trophic Transfer of Microplastics in Oceanic Food Webs","volume":"224","author":"Nikhil","year":"2026","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/s12601-023-00124-z","article-title":"Characteristics of Plastic Debris Ingested by Sea Turtles: A Comprehensive Review","volume":"58","author":"Moon","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ocean Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105676","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marenvres.2022.105676","article-title":"Polymer Composition Analysis of Plastic Debris Ingested by Loggerhead Turtles (Caretta caretta) in Southern Tyrrhenian Sea through ATR-FTIR Spectroscopy","volume":"179","author":"Bruno","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mar. Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mu\u00f1oz-P\u00e9rez, J.P., Lewbart, G.A., Toapanta, T., Chadwick, H., Okoffo, E.D., Alarc\u00f3n-Ruales, D., Zurita-Arthos, L., Jones, J.S., Cisneros, F., and Moreira-Mendieta, A. (2024). Plastic Pollution and Health Metrics in Wild Juvenile Green Sea Turtles (Chelonia mydas) from Two Ecuadorian National Parks: Gal\u00e1pagos and Machalilla. Front. Amphib. Reptile Sci., 2.","DOI":"10.3389\/famrs.2024.1439512"},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128483","article-title":"Interspecific Differences in Microplastic Accumulation and Polymer Profiles from Regurgitated Pellets of Coexisting Raptors","volume":"405","author":"Ozturk","year":"2026","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_179","first-page":"603","article-title":"Characteristics and Potential Hazards Assessment of Microplastic Pollution in the Feces of Spotted Seals in Bohai Sea","volume":"15","author":"Pan","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Environ. Eng. Technol."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"La Beur, L., Henry, L.-A., Kazanidis, G., Hennige, S., McDonald, A., Shaver, M.P., and Roberts, J.J.M. (2019). Baseline Assessment of Marine Litter and Microplastic Ingestion by Cold-Water Coral Reef Benthos at the East Mingulay Marine Protected Area (Sea of the Hebrides, Western Scotland). Front. Mar. Sci., 6.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2019.00080"},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118070","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2025.118070","article-title":"High Levels of Microplastics and Microrubber Pollution in a Remote, Protected Mediterranean Cladocora Caespitosa Coral Bed","volume":"217","author":"Reuning","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108932","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2025.108932","article-title":"The Effects of Exposure to Microplastics on Female Reproductive Health and Pregnancy Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"135","author":"Arefinia","year":"2025","journal-title":"Reprod. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_183","first-page":"A127","article-title":"Assessment of Microplastic Concentrations in Human Stool-Preliminary Results of a Prospective Study","volume":"6","author":"Schwabl","year":"2018","journal-title":"United Eur. Gastroenterol. J."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109759","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109759","article-title":"Polyethylene: An Identified Component of Human Dental Calculus Triggers Cytotoxicity and Inflammatory Responses in Gingival Fibroblasts","volume":"203","author":"Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2891","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-023-04580-3","article-title":"Determination of Polyurethanes within Microplastics in Complex Environmental Samples by Analytical Pyrolysis","volume":"415","author":"Coralli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mex.2023.102143","article-title":"Analysis of Microplastics in the Environment: Identification and Quantification of Trace Levels of Common Types of Plastic Polymers Using Pyrolysis-GC\/MS","volume":"10","author":"Santos","year":"2023","journal-title":"MethodsX"},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104993","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaap.2020.104993","article-title":"Preparation and Test of a Reference Mixture of Eleven Polymers with Deactivated Inorganic Diluent for Microplastics Analysis by Pyrolysis-GC\u2013MS","volume":"154","author":"Matsueda","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis"},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaap.2023.106178","article-title":"Pyrolysis Acetylation: A Novel on-Line Py-GC-MS Derivatisation for the Characterisation of Nitrogen-Containing Polymers","volume":"175","author":"Coralli","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis"},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6809","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-023-04960-9","article-title":"Quantitative and Qualitative Impacts of Nitric Acid Digestion on Microplastic Identification via FTIR and Raman Spectroscopy, Implications for Environmental Samples","volume":"415","author":"Sipps","year":"2023","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154824","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.154824","article-title":"Microplastic Sample Purification Methods\u2014Assessing Detrimental Effects of Purification Procedures on Specific Plastic Types","volume":"833","author":"Schrank","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119547","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.119547","article-title":"Spatial Distribution of Microplastics in the Tropical Indian Ocean Based on Laser Direct Infrared Imaging and Microwave-Assisted Matrix Digestion","volume":"307","author":"Hildebrandt","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118534","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2025.118534","article-title":"Identification and Quantification of Microplastics in the Antarctic Coastal Waters Using Laser Direct Infrared (LDIR)","volume":"221","author":"Bernard","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174968","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.174968","article-title":"Quantifying Microplastics in Sediments of Jinzhou Bay, China: Characterization and Ecological Risk with a Focus on Small Sizes","volume":"949","author":"Yu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/s43591-024-00095-5","article-title":"Unlocking the Potential of NMR Spectroscopy for Precise and Efficient Quantification of Microplastics","volume":"4","author":"Schmidt","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microplastics Nanoplastics"},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13041","DOI":"10.1039\/D5RA01174D","article-title":"Applicability of NMR Spectroscopy to Quantify Microplastics across Varying Concentrations in Polymer Mixtures","volume":"15","author":"Schmidt","year":"2025","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118799","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2025.118799","article-title":"A Novel Red-Emissive Fluorescent Dye for the Selective Detection of Polyurethane in Environmental Matrices; River, Sea, and Soil","volume":"222","author":"Kim","year":"2026","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129839","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2026.129839","article-title":"Greener Approach for Microplastics Detection in Wastewater Sludge Using Multimodal Spectroscopic Techniques","volume":"308","author":"Mathew","year":"2026","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1021\/jasms.3c00362","article-title":"Size-Resolved Identification and Quantification of Micro\/Nanoplastics in Indoor Air Using Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography-Ion Mobility Mass Spectrometry","volume":"35","author":"Hashemihedeshi","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom."},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.139338","article-title":"Olive Oil-Based Method for the Extraction, Quantification and Identification of Microplastics in Soil and Compost Samples","volume":"733","author":"Scopetani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2020.173","article-title":"Optimized Microplastic Analysis Based on Size Fractionation, Density Separation and \u03bc-FTIR","volume":"81","author":"Konechnaya","year":"2020","journal-title":"Water Sci. Technol."}],"container-title":["Molecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/31\/19\/3517\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T09:11:38Z","timestamp":1790932298000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1420-3049\/31\/19\/3517"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]]},"references-count":200,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["molecules31193517"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules31193517","relation":{},"ISSN":["1420-3049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1420-3049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]]}}}