{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T16:56:04Z","timestamp":1790960164336,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790899200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan","award":["AP23488557"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AP23488557"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05tyne317","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The increasing use of subunit and recombinant vaccines has created a demand for safe and effective adjuvants capable of enhancing immune responses. Here, we investigated a saponin-rich fraction isolated from Herniaria glabra as a source of novel nanoparticulate vaccine adjuvants. The saponins spontaneously self-assembled with lipid components to form stable nanocomplexes with favorable physicochemical characteristics. In a murine immunization model using viral glycoprotein antigens, these nanocomplexes significantly enhanced antigen-specific immune responses, increasing antibody titers by 8- to 16-fold compared with antigen alone. Their adjuvant activity exceeded that of aluminum hydroxide and approached that of Quillaja saponaria-derived saponin formulations. The nanocomplexes also induced balanced cellular immune responses comparable to those reported for Quil A-based nanosystems. These findings identify H. glabra as a promising alternative source of bioactive saponins and demonstrate the potential of plant-derived nanocomplexes as versatile adjuvant platforms for next-generation vaccines.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31193523","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T16:50:38Z","timestamp":1790959838000},"page":"3523","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evaluation of the Adjuvant Activity of Herniaria glabra Saponin-Based Nanoadjuvants"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Andrey","family":"Bogoyavlenskiy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Production Center for Microbiology and Virology, Almaty 050010, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madina","family":"Alexyuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Production Center for Microbiology and Virology, Almaty 050010, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3638-3341","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pavel","family":"Alexyuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Production Center for Microbiology and Virology, Almaty 050010, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elmira","family":"Omirtayeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Production Center for Microbiology and Virology, Almaty 050010, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irina","family":"Zaitseva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Production Center for Microbiology and Virology, Almaty 050010, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yergali","family":"Moldakhanov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Production Center for Microbiology and Virology, Almaty 050010, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1875-177X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elmira","family":"Anarkulova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Production Center for Microbiology and Virology, Almaty 050010, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kuralay","family":"Akanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Production Center for Microbiology and Virology, Almaty 050010, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-6691-4969","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Timur","family":"Kerimov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Production Center for Microbiology and Virology, Almaty 050010, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-3098-3005","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aziza","family":"Temirbayeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Production Center for Microbiology and Virology, Almaty 050010, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2648-8975","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vladimir","family":"Berezin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Production Center for Microbiology and Virology, Almaty 050010, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"55","article-title":"Nanotechnology-based strategies for vaccine development: Accelerating innovation and delivery","volume":"6","author":"Cheng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomater. 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