{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T10:59:46Z","timestamp":1791197986755,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791072000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The intrinsic brittleness and poor crack resistance of OPC-based materials severely limit their service durability under complex environments. In this study, a composite latex polymer was fabricated via an ambient-temperature APS\/STS redox initiation system, using N,N\u2032-methylenebisacrylamide (MBA) as a cross-linking agent and incorporating reactive SiO2 and MgO as synergistic reinforcing fillers. The composite latex was incorporated into OPC paste, and its effects on the mechanical strength, freeze\u2013thaw resistance, water permeability, and microstructural characteristics of the hardened composites were systematically evaluated. The results show that, at an optimal dosage of 0.2 wt%, the 28-day flexural and compressive strengths of the modified OPC specimens were respectively increased by 16% and 18% compared with the plain cement control, while the strength loss after freeze\u2013thaw cycling was effectively controlled within 10% and the maximum impermeability pressure rose from 2.9 to 3.2 MPa. FTIR and XRD analyses confirmed that the incorporation of the latex polymer did not alter the phase composition of the OPC hydration products but promoted the generation of C-S-H gel. SEM observations further revealed that the polymer filled internal micro-pores and microcracks, yielding a denser organic\u2013inorganic composite microstructure. The improved performance may be attributed to the potential synergistic interplay among APS\/STS-triggered cross-linking, pozzolanic reaction of reactive SiO2, and the micro-expansion effect of MgO. This work provides a feasible technical approach for the development of high-toughness and frost-resistant latex-modified OPC-based materials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31193535","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T10:02:27Z","timestamp":1791194547000},"page":"3535","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Research on the Mechanical Properties and Durability Against Freeze\u2013Thaw of Latex-Modified OPC-Based Materials"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Lang","family":"Jin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CCCC Second Harbor Engineering Company Ltd., Wuhan 430040, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Zixiao","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CCCC Second Harbor Engineering Company Ltd., Wuhan 430040, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Feixiang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CCCC Second Harbor Engineering Company Ltd., Wuhan 430040, China"},{"name":"CCCC Highway Bridge National Engineering Research Centre Co., Ltd., Beijing 100088, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Guozhi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CCCC Second Harbor Engineering Company Ltd., Wuhan 430040, China"},{"name":"CCCC Highway Bridge National Engineering Research Centre Co., Ltd., Beijing 100088, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Xiang","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Luyan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2016.05.080","article-title":"Carbonation of cement-based materials: Challenges and opportunities","volume":"120","author":"Ashraf","year":"2016","journal-title":"Constr. 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