{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T23:30:11Z","timestamp":1763767811877,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,28]],"date-time":"2023-12-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1703721600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100017519","name":"Werner-Otto-Stiftung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["6\/95","3890","4168","4169","4328"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["6\/95","3890","4168","4169","4328"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100017519","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"ASKLEPIOS proresearch","award":["6\/95","3890","4168","4169","4328"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["6\/95","3890","4168","4169","4328"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["MPs"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Flaviviruses are a family of RNA viruses that includes many known pathogens, such as Zika virus (ZIKV), West Nile virus (WNV), dengue virus (DENV), and yellow fever virus (YFV). A pseudotype is an artificial virus particle created in vitro by incorporating the flavivirus envelope proteins into the structure of, for example, a retrovirus such as human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1). They can be a useful tool in virology for understanding the biology of flaviviruses, evaluating immune responses, developing antiviral strategies but can also be used as vectors for gene transfer experiments. This protocol describes the generation of a ZIKV\/HIV-1 pseudotype developed as a new tool for infecting cells derived from a highly malignant brain tumor: glioblastoma multiforme grade 4.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/mps7010003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,28]],"date-time":"2023-12-28T09:35:21Z","timestamp":1703756121000},"page":"3","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Generation of Viral Particles with Brain Cell-Specific Tropism by Pseudotyping HIV-1 with the Zika Virus E Protein"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-4329-0928","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hai Dang","family":"Ngo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology, LG Schreiber, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1425-2706","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan Patrick","family":"Formanski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology, LG Schreiber, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vivien","family":"Grunwald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology, LG Schreiber, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Birco","family":"Schwalbe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Asklepios Kliniken Hamburg GmbH, Asklepios Klinik Nord, Standort Heidberg, 22417 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Schreiber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology, LG Schreiber, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wolff, J.H., and Mikkelsen, J.G. (2022). Delivering Genes with Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Derived Vehicles: Still State-of-the-Art after 25 Years. J. Biomed. Sci., 29.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12929-022-00865-4"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.2174\/1566523054546224","article-title":"Altering the Tropism of Lentiviral Vectors through Pseudotyping","volume":"5","author":"Cronin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr. Gene Ther."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-022-00719-w","article-title":"Therapy with Oncolytic Viruses: Progress and Challenges","volume":"20","author":"Shalhout","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.2287","article-title":"Oncolytic Virotherapy","volume":"30","author":"Russell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2843","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20171093","article-title":"Zika Virus Has Oncolytic Activity against Glioblastoma Stem Cells","volume":"214","author":"Zhu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rius-Rocabert, S., Garc\u00eda-Romero, N., Garc\u00eda, A., Ayuso-Sacido, A., and Nistal-Villan, E. (2020). Oncolytic Virotherapy in Glioma Tumors. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21207604"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0516-0","article-title":"Oncolytic Virotherapy for the Treatment of Malignant Glioma","volume":"14","author":"Foreman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kretschmer, M., Kadlubowska, P., Hoffmann, D., Schwalbe, B., Auerswald, H., and Schreiber, M. (2020). Zikavirus Pr ME Envelope Pseudotyped Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type-1 as a Novel Tool for Glioblastoma-Directed Virotherapy. Cancers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12041000"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-07-0862","article-title":"Axl and Growth Arrest-Specific Gene 6 Are Frequently Overexpressed in Human Gliomas and Predict Poor Prognosis in Patients with Glioblastoma Multiforme","volume":"14","author":"Hutterer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omto.2021.11.001","article-title":"AXL Receptor Is Required for Zika Virus Strain MR-766 Infection in Human Glioblastoma Cell Lines","volume":"23","author":"Zwernik","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Ther. Oncolytics"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2016.12.045","article-title":"Axl Mediates ZIKA Virus Entry in Human Glial Cells and Modulates Innate Immune Responses","volume":"18","author":"Meertens","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-6-115","article-title":"The prM-Independent Packaging of Pseudotyped Japanese Encephalitis Virus","volume":"6","author":"Lee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2016.12.007","article-title":"Introducing a Cleavable Signal Peptide Enhances the Packaging Efficiency of Lentiviral Vectors Pseudotyped with Japanese Encephalitis Virus Envelope Proteins","volume":"229","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1089\/hum.2022.053","article-title":"Efficient Gene Transfer to Kidney Using a Lentiviral Vector Pseudotyped with Zika Virus Envelope Glycoprotein","volume":"33","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hum. Gene Ther."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P\u00f6hlking, C., Beier, S., Formanski, J.P., Friese, M., Schreiber, M., and Schwalbe, B. (2023). Isolation of Cells from Glioblastoma Multiforme Grade 4 Tumors for Infection with Zika Virus prME and ME Pseudotyped HIV-1. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24054467"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grunwald, V., Ngo, H.D., Formanski, J.P., Jonas, J.S., P\u00f6hlking, C., Schwalbe, B., and Schreiber, M. (2023). Development of Zika Virus E Variants for Pseudotyping Retroviral Vectors Targeting Glioblastoma Cells. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241914487"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6822(02)00028-4","article-title":"Enhancing Biosynthesis and Secretion of Premembrane and Envelope Proteins by the Chimeric Plasmid of Dengue Virus Type 2 and Japanese Encephalitis Virus","volume":"306","author":"Chang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hassn Mesrati, M., Behrooz, A.B., Abuhamad, A.Y., and Syahir, A. (2020). Understanding Glioblastoma Biomarkers: Knocking a Mountain with a Hammer. Cells, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9051236"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.16.11.1064","article-title":"Cerebrospinal Fluid as a Culture Medium for Human Brain Tumors","volume":"16","author":"Wilson","year":"1966","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2007.06.026","article-title":"Characterization of Retrovirus-Based Reporter Viruses Pseudotyped with the Precursor Membrane and Envelope Glycoproteins of Four Serotypes of Dengue Viruses","volume":"368","author":"Hu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ruiz-Jim\u00e9nez, F., P\u00e9rez-Olais, J.H., Raymond, C., King, B.J., McClure, C.P., Urbanowicz, R.A., and Ball, J.K. (2021). Challenges on the Development of a Pseudotyping Assay for Zika Glycoproteins. J. Med. Microbiol., 70.","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.001413"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6705","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.69.11.6705-6711.1995","article-title":"Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Viral Protein R (Vpr) Arrests Cells in the G2 Phase of the Cell Cycle by Inhibiting P34cdc2 Activity","volume":"69","author":"He","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9933","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01283-13","article-title":"The Membrane-Proximal \u201cStem\u201d Region Increases the Stability of the Flavivirus E Protein Postfusion Trimer and Modulates Its Structure","volume":"87","author":"Stiasny","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8125","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/15.20.8125","article-title":"An Analysis of 5\u2019-Noncoding Sequences from 699 Vertebrate Messenger RNAs","volume":"15","author":"Kozak","year":"1987","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."}],"container-title":["Methods and Protocols"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2409-9279\/7\/1\/3\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:43:22Z","timestamp":1760132602000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2409-9279\/7\/1\/3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,28]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]}},"alternative-id":["mps7010003"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mps7010003","relation":{},"ISSN":["2409-9279"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2409-9279"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,28]]}}}