{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]],"date-time":"2025-12-23T18:52:54Z","timestamp":1766515974385,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,19]],"date-time":"2024-04-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713484800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the 2021 Strengthening Call for Proposals at the Universidad de Santander, Colombia","award":["FI74-21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FI74-21"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["MPs"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Although the effectiveness of cardiac rehabilitation (CR) programs in secondary prevention is well-recognized, there is a lack of studies exploring the potential of mobile health to enhance educational interventions within CR. The objective is to assess the impact of a structured WhatsApp-assisted health educational intervention, in conjunction with the usual care, compared to the usual care alone among participants enrolled in a CR program. The trial will recruit 32 participants enrolled in a CR program, who will be randomly assigned to a structured WhatsApp-assisted health educational intervention plus usual care or usual care alone group. The intervention will span 4 weeks, with assessments at baseline, 4 weeks, and 3, 6, and 12 months. The primary outcome measure is the cardiovascular risk factors knowledge score. Secondary outcomes include physical activity levels, anxiety and depression, and quality of life. Expected results include improved knowledge of cardiovascular risk factors, increased physical activity levels, and better mental health outcomes in the intervention group. Additionally, an enhancement in the overall quality of life is anticipated. These findings are expected to underscore the value of integrating mHealth with traditional CR methods, potentially shaping future approaches in chronic disease management and prevention.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/mps7020035","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,19]],"date-time":"2024-04-19T06:28:09Z","timestamp":1713508089000},"page":"35","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Effects of a WhatsApp-Assisted Health Educational Intervention for Cardiac Rehabilitation: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial Protocol"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4833-3707","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adriana Marcela","family":"Jacome-Hortua","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad de Santander, Facultad de Ciencias M\u00e9dicas y de la Salud, Bucaramanga 680003, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2567-4151","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zully Rocio","family":"Rincon-Rueda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad de Santander, Facultad de Ciencias M\u00e9dicas y de la Salud, Bucaramanga 680003, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1637-4309","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diana C.","family":"Sanchez-Ramirez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Therapy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T6, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3806-8468","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adriana","family":"Angarita-Fonseca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad de Santander, Facultad de Ciencias M\u00e9dicas y de la Salud, Bucaramanga 680003, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2982","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.11.010","article-title":"Global Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases and Risk Factors, 1990\u20132019","volume":"76","author":"Roth","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"831","article-title":"Influencia de La Rehabilitaci\u00f3n Card\u00edaca Sobre La Tasa de Re-Hospitalizaci\u00f3n En Pacientes Con Infarto Agudo de Miocardio, Santander, Colombia","volume":"14","author":"Garcia","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rev. Salud Publica"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2021.11.001","article-title":"Impact of Cardiorespiratory Fitness on Outcomes in Cardiac Rehabilitation","volume":"70","author":"Tutor","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prog. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2344","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.983536","article-title":"Impact of Cardiac Rehabilitation on Mortality and Cardiovascular Events after Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in the Community","volume":"123","author":"Goel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/14.6.831","article-title":"Long-Term Reduction of Cardiac Mortality after Myocardial Infarction: 10-Year Results of a Comprehensive Rehabilitation Programme","volume":"14","author":"Hedback","year":"1993","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharif, F., Shoul, A., Janati, M., Kojuri, J., and Zare, N. (2012). The Effect of Cardiac Rehabilitation on Anxiety and Depression in Patients Undergoing Cardiac Bypass Graft Surgery in Iran. BMC Cardiovasc. Disord., 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2261-12-40"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pec.2014.01.012","article-title":"A Systematic Review of Patient Education in Cardiac Patients: Do They Increase Knowledge and Promote Health Behavior Change?","volume":"95","author":"Ghisi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Patient Educ. Couns."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation (2013). Guidelines for Cardiac Rehabilitation and Secondary Prevention Programs, American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation. [5th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3503","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehad194","article-title":"2023 ESC Guidelines for the Management of Cardiomyopathies: Developed by the Task Force on the Management of Cardiomyopathies of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)","volume":"44","author":"Arbelo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2938","DOI":"10.1590\/0034-7167-2017-0280","article-title":"Educational Program for Coronary Artery Disease Patients: Results after One Year","volume":"71","author":"Arantes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Enferm."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"176","article-title":"La Educaci\u00f3n a Pacientes y Su Corresponsabilidad Como Herramientas Terap\u00e9uticas","volume":"24","author":"Molina","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev. Colomb. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjdh\/ztad005","article-title":"Virtual Healthcare Solutions for Cardiac Rehabilitation: A Literature Review","volume":"4","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J. Digit. Health"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1002\/clc.23306","article-title":"Mobile Health and Cardiac Rehabilitation in Older Adults","volume":"43","author":"Bostrom","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1093\/heapol\/czab024","article-title":"Using WhatsApp Messenger for Health Systems Research: A Scoping Review of Available Literature","volume":"36","author":"Manji","year":"2021","journal-title":"Health Policy Plan."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-021-00611-7","article-title":"The Role of Cardiac Rehabilitation in Improving Cardiovascular Outcomes","volume":"19","author":"Taylor","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e6214","DOI":"10.2196\/ijmr.6214","article-title":"WhatsApp Messenger as an Adjunctive Tool for Telemedicine: An Overview","volume":"6","author":"Giordano","year":"2017","journal-title":"Interact. J. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.10945","article-title":"Effect of Lifestyle-Focused Text Messaging on Risk Factor Modification in Patients with Coronary Heart Disease: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"314","author":"Chow","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"25","article-title":"Educaci\u00f3n Del Paciente Cardiovascular En Los Programas de Rehabilitaci\u00f3n Cardiaca","volume":"8","year":"2000","journal-title":"Rev. Mex. Enfermer\u00eda Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4311","DOI":"10.1111\/jocn.14538","article-title":"The Effect of Mobile Messaging Apps on Cardiac Patient Knowledge of Coronary Artery Disease Risk Factors and Adherence to a Healthy Lifestyle","volume":"27","author":"Tang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e18773","DOI":"10.2196\/18773","article-title":"Digital Health Interventions for Cardiac Rehabilitation: Systematic Literature Review","volume":"23","author":"Wongvibulsin","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672913","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2021.672913","article-title":"Cardiac Rehabilitation: A Bibliometric Review from 2001 to 2020","volume":"8","author":"Yuan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"dos Santos, R.Z., Almeida, S., Scheafer, A.K., Karsten, M., Oh, P., Benetti, M., and Ghisi, G.L.d.M. (2023). Feasibility of a Virtual Educational Programme for Behaviour Change in Cardiac Patients from a Low-Resource Setting. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20115934"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"(2024, February 24). Eight out of Every Ten Colombians Use WhatsApp for Communication. Portfafolio 2022. Available online: https:\/\/www.portafolio.co\/economia\/finanzas\/whatsapp-ocho-de-cada-10-colombianos-usa-la-aplicacion-para-comunicarse-570525."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1037\/h0088437","article-title":"Transtheoretical Therapy: Toward a More Integrative Model of Change","volume":"19","author":"Prochaska","year":"1982","journal-title":"Psychotherapy"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1002\/ace.3","article-title":"Andragogy and Self-Directed Learning: Pillars of Adult Learning Theory","volume":"2001","author":"Merriam","year":"2001","journal-title":"New Dir. Adult Contin. Educ."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1177\/109019819101800108","article-title":"A Simple Guide for Design, Use, and Evaluation of Educational Materials","volume":"18","author":"Rice","year":"1991","journal-title":"Health Educ. Q."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"9","article-title":"Reproducibility and Validity of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) in Elderly Men","volume":"13","author":"Benedetti","year":"2007","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Med. Esporte"},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Angarita-Fonseca, A., Orostegui, M., and Camargo, D.M. (2010). Evaluation of the Reliability of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) and the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ) in an Adult Population from the Urban Area of Bucaramanga, Universidad Industrial de Santander."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.25009\/pys.v28i1.2544","article-title":"Inventario de Ansiedad y Depresi\u00f3n Hospitalaria y Escala de Retiro de Patr\u00f3n de Conducta Tipo A En Pacientes Con Enfermedades Cardiovasculares: Propiedades Psicom\u00e9tricas","volume":"28","author":"Navarrete","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psicol. Salud"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2021.01.014","article-title":"Validity of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) in Primary Care Patients in Colombia","volume":"74","author":"Scoppetta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gen. Hosp. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"37","article-title":"Reliability of SF-36 quality of life in health questionnaire in Medell\u00edn, Colombia","volume":"24","author":"Lugo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Rev. Fac. Nac. Salud P\u00fablica"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1157\/13074369","article-title":"El Cuestionario de Salud SF-36 Espa\u00f1ol: Una D\u00e9cada de Experiencia y Nuevos Desarrollos","volume":"19","author":"Vilagut","year":"2005","journal-title":"Gac. Santi"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Noguchi, K., Gel, Y.R., Brunner, E., and Konietschke, F. (2012). nparLD: An R Software Package for the Nonparametric Analysis of Longitudinal Data in Factorial Experiments. J. Stat. Softw., 50, Available online: https:\/\/publications.goettingen-research-online.de\/handle\/2\/61433.","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v050.i12"},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"2381","article-title":"Generalized Estimating Equations in Longitudinal\u2014ProQuest","volume":"16","author":"Karun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Res. J. Pharm. Technol."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Funciones P\u00fablicas (2024, March 01). Ley 1581 de 2012, de Protecci\u00f3n de Datos Personales, Available online: https:\/\/www.funcionpublica.gov.co\/eva\/gestornormativo\/norma.php?i=49981."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rchipe.2015.04.027","article-title":"Impacto de Un Programa Educativo a Los Padres de Ni\u00f1os Con C\u00e1ncer En El Aumento Del Conocimiento de La Enfermedad de Sus Hijos y La Disminuci\u00f3n de La Ansiedad","volume":"86","author":"Concha","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev. Chil. Pediatr\u00eda"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1177\/1054773820916984","article-title":"Effects of Antenatal Education on Fear of Birth, Depression, Anxiety, Childbirth Self-Efficacy, and Mode of Delivery in Primiparous Pregnant Women: A Prospective Randomized Controlled Study","volume":"30","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Nurs. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1111\/iwj.13201","article-title":"Studying the Effect of Structured Ostomy Care Training on Quality of Life and Anxiety of Patients with Permanent Ostomy","volume":"16","author":"Tirgari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. Wound J."}],"container-title":["Methods and Protocols"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2409-9279\/7\/2\/35\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:30:55Z","timestamp":1760106655000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2409-9279\/7\/2\/35"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,19]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]}},"alternative-id":["mps7020035"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mps7020035","relation":{},"ISSN":["2409-9279"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2409-9279"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,19]]}}}